The Sleep Hygiene Index was developed to assess the practice of sleep hygiene behaviors. The Sleep Hygiene Index was delivered to 632 subjects and a subset of the subjects participated in a readministration of the instrument. Test-retest reliability analyses suggested that sleep hygiene behaviors are relatively stable over time for a nonclinical population. Results confirmed that sleep hygiene is strongly related to sleep quality and modestly related to perceptions of daytime sleepiness. As predicted, support of the sleep hygiene construct was also provided by strong correlations with the associated features of a diagnosis of inadequate sleep hygiene. The Sleep Hygiene Index, a much shorter sleep hygiene instrument than previously published, demonstrated comparable psychometric properties with additional evidence of validity and a clear item selection rationale.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sleep hygiene, excessive daytime sleepiness and work hours among resident physicians in Chandigarh, India. Data were collected from 350 volunteering junior resident doctors and included sociodemographic variables, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), sleep hygiene as measured by the Sleep Hygiene Index and hours worked. Almost half of the resident physicians studied reported a problem of EDS and maladaptive sleep hygiene practices. Physicians working more than 80 hours per week and physicians with more maladaptive sleep behaviours were much more likely to report EDS. The authors propose that sleep hygiene and number of hours slept should be considered as EDS prevention and treatment strategies, especially for physicians working less than 80 hours per week. The authors also propose that the most salient intervention for physicians working more than 80 hours per week is one of workplace advocacy, where the government is encouraged to adopt legally binding guidelines as seen in other countries.

Psychology students completed a task with reinforcement for successful performance. We tested academic integrity under randomly assigned conditions of check mark acknowledgment of an honor pledge, typed honor pledge, or no pledge. Across all conditions, 14.1% of students inflated their selfreported performance (i.e., cheated). We found no significant differences in the likelihood of cheating under differing honor pledge conditions. Students were more likely to cheat in late semester (20.2% and 16.0%) compared to the early semester condition (9.6%). Our research is important in understanding the frequency and timing of online academic dishonesty.

Introduction:The caudal hypothalamus contains a key node of the ascending arousal system, with lesions causing more profound somnolence than can be accounted for by involvement of nearby hypothalamic orexin and histamine cell groups. Methods: We used chemogenetic manipulations and Cre-lox glutamate release disruption in anatomically-and genetically-targeted neuronal groups of the caudal hypothalamus and recorded EEG and EMG, with subsequent histological analysis of injection sites and terminal fields of transduced neurons. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of sleep physiology and non-parametric statistical mapping was used to objectively determine the region that was wake-promoting in the caudal hypothalamus. Results: Activation of glutamatergic supramammillary (SuM vglut2 ) neurons or a subset of them that also express nitric oxide synthase (Nos1, SuMV glut2/Nos1 ) is potently wake-promoting. Genetic disruption of glutamatergic neurotransmission from SuM vglut2 neurons nearly completely abolishes the effects of SuM activation. Targeted chemogenetic inhibition of SuM vglut2 neurons produced fragmented wakefulness and increased sleep, akin to drowsiness following caudal hypothalamic injury. Conclusion: SuM vglut2/Nos1 neurons exert potent control over behavioral wakefulness, with these effects depending critically on glutamate release. Glutamate neurons of the SuM, including a key subset that contain nitric oxide, likely represent the long-sought caudal hypothalamic component of the ascending arousal system.

Introduction It was expected COVID-19 would result in changes that could impact sleep hygiene and sleep. We examined sleep hygiene and symptoms of disrupted sleep through late April and May and demographic and psychological variables related to vulnerability/resilience to negative outcomes. Methods Participants (Part1: N=180, Part2: N=64; ages 18-85) solicited from a college (students, faculty/staff, alumni, parents) and local community (churches, community centers, libraries) completed a 30-minute survey (measures: sleep hygiene (SH), symptoms of sleep disruption, mental health, personality, social distancing, COVID-19 impact/experience, and demographics) for possible prizes. Part 1, April 20th-May 12th, participants answered trait questionnaires and state questionnaires for before and during social distancing, then repeated state questionnaires two weeks later (Part 2). Results Following initial COVID related changes, 66.1% of participants reported worsening symptoms of sleep disruption, 27.9% reported no change, and 6.3% reported improvements. 40.3% reported worsening SH, 53.5% no change, and 6.3% improvements. At 2-week follow-up, 30.4% of participants shifted from reporting no change to SH improvements over baseline. Overall, participants showed significant worsening of symptoms of sleep disruption (sleepiness, moodiness, avolition, cognitive impairments) and SH behaviors (less consistent bed- and wake-times, more frequently staying too long in bed, more pre-bed alerting activities, more bedtime negative emotion, more use of bed for purposes other than sleep, more active technology use) (d’s from .23-1.00). Worsening sleep hygiene with COVID-19 was significantly predicted by younger age (r(157)=.164, p<.05), more avoidant coping (r(151)= -.337, p<.05), lower life satisfaction (r(156)=.200, p<.05) and greater impact/experience of COVID-19 (r(150)= -.270, p<.05). Symptoms of sleep disruption showed similar, but larger, relationships. Conclusion Initial social distancing may have disrupted routines, added stress, and resulted in worsened sleep and sleep hygiene. Over time some adapted and improved, but most did not. Our results suggest change, especially crises such as a pandemic, may alter established behavior for the worse and/or add significant stress. Without intervention, even the robust, i.e., young, may suffer. Variables identifying those more vulnerable to disrupted sleep following change and those more likely to experience worsening sleep may help identify targets for future interventions. Support (if any) Nancy and Craig Wood Odyssey Professorship and Charles L. Brewer Endowed Fund