05 billion events per second time correlated single photon counting using CMOS SPAD arrays

Abstract

University of Dundee 0.5 billion events per second time correlated single photon counting using CMOS SPAD arrays

Photon counting phosphorescence lifetime imaging with TimepixCam

“…38,39 SPAD arrays can detect individual photons in each pixel with picosecond resolution without an image intensifier, and 256 × 256 pixel devices have been developed. 40 They allow enormous count rates 41 and are very promising single photon sensitive cameras for the future. 42 However, currently their use as cameras is limited by a low fill factor, high noise levels, and nonuniformity across the array.…”

Wide-field TCSPC: methods and applications

“…One advantage of SPAD arrays is that each pixel can perform TCSPC independently with a low dead time and consequently high count rate per pixel, yielding enormous overall count rates of GHz [135]. A 256 256 × TAC imager has been described [136] and 340 96 × SPAD arrays also exist [137], and it is only a question of time until these huge advantages are leveraged for FLIM.…”

“…SPAD arrays are a relatively new development in wide-field TCSPC, and while their current use as cameras is limited by technical issues, continuing development in this field may enable high count rate picosecond wide-field TCSPC soon [135]. Work in this rapidly evolving field is underway to reduce noise, manufacture large arrays with single photon sensitivity and picosecond timing abilities, as well as large fill factors.…”

Characterization of SPAD Array for Multifocal High-Content Screening Applications

“…This capability would definitely depend on the target sample, but it is quite possible for a sparsely populated cell well to be unhindered by a dearth of TACs. In contrast, the Megaframe MF32 CMOS-based 32 × 32 SPAD array allows for a global collection rate of 500 Mcps, but each individual SPAD is limited to 500 kcps readout when using the entire array, consistent with the 500 kfps full-frame rate [23].…”

“…There are a number of research groups actively pursuing integrated circuit detector arrays that are capable of creating hundreds to thousands of independent time-resolved pixels. A large number of these efforts involve the use of SPAD arrays using TCSPC [23][24][25][26], while there are a few on-board time-gating approaches [27][28][29].…”