1,000-Curie Cobalt-60 Units for Radiation Therapy

Johns, H. E.; Bates, Lloyd M.; Epp, Edward R.; Cormack, D. V.; Fedoruk, S. O.; Morrison, A.; Dixon, W. J.; Garrett, C.

doi:10.1038/1681035a0

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Originally, single-fraction radiation with a cobalt machine, originating from research in Canada under the supervision of Dr. Harold Johns, delivered a single treatment field [39]. However, in order to treat the entire body, it was necessary to have the patient positioned sitting or standing sometimes far from the radiation source, and the treatment could last hours because of the low dose rate received by the patient.…”

Section: Source Of Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Body Irradiation for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: What Can We Agree on?

Sabloff

Tisseverasinghe²,

Babadağli

et al. 2021

Current Oncology

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Total body irradiation (TBI), used as part of the conditioning regimen prior to allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation, is the delivery of a relatively homogeneous dose of radiation to the entire body. TBI has a dual role, being cytotoxic and immunosuppressive. This allows it to eliminate disease and create “space” in the marrow while also impairing the immune system from rejecting the foreign donor cells being transplanted. Advantages that TBI may have over chemotherapy alone are that it may achieve greater tumour cytotoxicity and better tissue penetration than chemotherapy as its delivery is independent of vascular supply and physiologic barriers such as renal and hepatic function. Therefore, the so-called “sanctuary” sites such as the central nervous system (CNS), testes, and orbits or other sites with limited blood supply are not off-limits to radiation. Nevertheless, TBI is hampered by challenging logistics of administration, coordination between hematology and radiation oncology departments, increased rates of acute treatment-related morbidity and mortality along with late toxicity to other tissues. Newer technologies and a better understanding of the biology and physics of TBI has allowed the field to develop novel delivery systems which may help to deliver radiation more safely while maintaining its efficacy. However, continued research and collaboration are needed to determine the best approaches for the use of TBI in the future.

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Section: Source Of Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Body Irradiation for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: What Can We Agree on?

Sabloff

Tisseverasinghe²,

Babadağli

et al. 2021

Current Oncology

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“…Johns in 1951 and Yorke in 1985 discussed that the air is a source of electron contamination and a scattering medium for the electrons (14,15). Bertilsson (16) illustrated this by cavity theory, taking the transition effects on the fluence of the electrons into account.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and Calculation of Electron Contamination for Radiotherapy Photon Mode

Chegeni

Rahim

Tahmasbi

et al. 2021

Jundishapur J Health Sci

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Context: This study was done to review the electron contamination sources and measurement based on dosimetry and simulation techniques for radiotherapy and also investigate factors affecting electron contamination reduction. Methods: We systematically searched five major indexing databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI web of science, and Cochrane central, using keywords of electron contamination, electron contamination AND measurement, electron contamination AND simulation, and electron contamination AND reduction until Dec 2020. Results: Overall, 35 studies were reviewed, including articles reporting the theory of electron contamination, papers on dosimetry methods to measure electron contamination, studies about simulation methods to assess electron contamination, and articles about reducing electron contamination. The results indicated an increase in electron contamination using a flattering filter, an increase in field size, the presence of prosthesis in the patient's body, and a rise in photon energy. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the excessive delivered doses by electron contamination can cause skin complications, such as erythema, desquamation, and telangiectasia inside or outside the photon field. The amount of electron contamination depends on factors, such as radiation field size, beam energy, and materials placed in the photon path. Electron contamination can be decreased by increasing the source distance to the point of measurement by the dosimeter, applying a lead foil, magnetic deflector, or replacing a portion of air column between patient and radiotherapy system head by helium gas, and also limiting the treatment field.

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“…Efforts to improve the penetration of external beam therapy included teleradium, supervoltage (500-800 kVp) x-ray beams (Rose and Loughridge 1936), the 2 MV Van de Graff generator (Trump et al 1947) and the high-energy betatron (Adams et al 1949). Broad market penetration of megavoltage radiation therapy was made possible by 60 Co teletherapy, first introduced at the University of Saskatchewan (Johns et al 1951) in 1951 and MD Anderson Hospital (Grimmett et al 1952. By 1956, there were more than 80 such units in operation in North America alone (Brucer 1956b).…”

Section: Brachytherapy In 1950mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brachytherapy technology and physics practice since 1950: a half-century of progress

Williamson¹

2006

Phys. Med. Biol.

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The 50-year tenure of Physics in Medicine and Biology has coincided with some of the most important developments in radiological science, including the introduction of artificial radioactivity, computers and 3D imaging into medicine. These events have profoundly influenced the development of brachytherapy. Although it is not the dominant radiotherapy modality, it continues to play an important role in cancer therapy, more than a century after its introduction. This paper reviews the impact of three broad categories of innovation introduced since 1950 from the North American perspective: the introduction of artificial radioactivity, computer- and image-based treatment planning, and basic single-source dosimetry.

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1,000-Curie Cobalt-60 Units for Radiation Therapy

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Total Body Irradiation for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: What Can We Agree on?

Total Body Irradiation for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: What Can We Agree on?

Measurement and Calculation of Electron Contamination for Radiotherapy Photon Mode

Brachytherapy technology and physics practice since 1950: a half-century of progress

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