1.2.3.2 The pela wax scale and commercial wax production

Qin, Ting-Kui

doi:10.1016/s1572-4379(97)80060-7

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Moreover, it is of great value in pharmaceutical industry with the potential in hepatoprotective and anti-obesity drugs (Iqbal & Khan 2019;Perveen et al 2013;Sinha & Kumria 2003;Zhang et al 2012). White wax secreted from Chinese white wax scales (Ericerus pela) serves similar to lac resin and it is used in coating tablets (Qin 1997;Yang et al 2012). A special oil called um-buga, which is derived from melon bugs (Coridius vidutus), contains a high amount of antibacterial substances that control gram-positive bacteria (Mustafa et al 2008).…”

Section: Modern Entomophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

Edible insects as a food source: a review

Tang

Yang

Liao

et al. 2019

Food Prod Process and Nutr

135

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The practice of eating insects has been documented for a long time. With obvious economic and environmental advantages, edible insects are in the spotlight recently due to their enormous potential in multiple industries. A number of research has been conducted to maximize their value, but concerns have been raised for the food security. In this review, we compared the characteristics of edible insects with other traditional protein sources. The progress of modern entomophagy was introduced. The benefits and risks of eating insects were summarized. Additionally, the shortcoming of current production were discussed. Feasible ways and strategies were proposed to promote the consumption of edible insects.

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Section: Modern Entomophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

Edible insects as a food source: a review

Tang

Yang

Liao

et al. 2019

Food Prod Process and Nutr

135

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“…4 ). Most species develop through third instar, but some species do not [e.g., E. pela ( Qin 1997 )]. A female third instar ( Fig.…”

Section: Life Cycle and Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Peru 5–6 ( Beingolea 1969 ) Cyphococcinae Cyphococcini N/A Eulecaniinae Eulecaniini Didesmococcus unifasciatus Stone fruits Central Asia 1 ( Babayan 1973 ) Ericerus pela China 1 ( Zhao et al. 1998 ) Japan 1 ( Kuwana 1923 ) Russia 1 ( Danzig 1980 ) Various Tropical zones 2 ( Qin 1997 ) Eulecanium caryae Beech, willow, birch, hickory, peach Quebec, Canada; Virginia, Michigan, USA 1 ( Wallner 1969 , Williams and Kosztarab 1972 , Kosztarab 1996 ) cerasorum Stone fruit...…”

Section: Life Cycle and Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

Camacho

Chong

2015

J Integr Pest Manag

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We summarize the economic importance, biology, and management of soft scales, focusing on pests of agricultural, horticultural, and silvicultural crops in outdoor production systems and urban landscapes. We also provide summaries on voltinism, crawler emergence timing, and predictive models for crawler emergence to assist in developing soft scale management programs. Phloem-feeding soft scale pests cause direct (e.g., injuries to plant tissues and removal of nutrients) and indirect damage (e.g., reduction in photosynthesis and aesthetic value by honeydew and sooty mold). Variations in life cycle, reproduction, fecundity, and behavior exist among congenerics due to host, environmental, climatic, and geographical variations. Sampling of soft scale pests involves sighting the insects or their damage, and assessing their abundance. Crawlers of most univoltine species emerge in the spring and the summer. Degree-day models and plant phenological indicators help determine the initiation of sampling and treatment against crawlers (the life stage most vulnerable to contact insecticides). The efficacy of cultural management tactics, such as fertilization, pruning, and irrigation, in reducing soft scale abundance is poorly documented. A large number of parasitoids and predators attack soft scale populations in the field; therefore, natural enemy conservation by using selective insecticides is important. Systemic insecticides provide greater flexibility in application method and timing, and have longer residual longevity than contact insecticides. Application timing of contact insecticides that coincides with crawler emergence is most effective in reducing soft scale abundance.

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“…This wax is secreted by male insects of the E. pela Chavannes and covers the branches of the host plants [ 18 ]. Wax has a long history of use as a traditional medicine—either by itself or in combination with other herbs—in Chinese doctors’ prescriptions for the treatment of hemostasis, coughing, pain relief, wound healing, alleviating weakness, and restoring muscles [ 19 ]. Owing to its clinically confirmed safety and high stability, it has been documented in all versions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Effect of the Policosanol from Ericerus pela Wax on Learning and Memory Impairment Caused by Scopolamine in Mice

Sun

et al. 2022

Foods

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Policosanol (PC) is a mixture of long-chain fatty alcohols that exhibits multiple biological activities, such as reducing blood lipid and cholesterol levels, lowering blood pressure, and extenuating liver inflammation. To assess PC’s impact on cognitive behavior and function, PC was prepared from Ericerus pela wax using a reduction method and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). A total of 60 mice were randomly divided into six groups of 10 animals each: control (0.5% CMC-Na solution, i.g.), model (0.5% CMC-Na solution, i.g.), donepezil (3 mg/kg, i.g.), PC low- (2 g/kg, i.g.), medium (4 g/kg, i.g.), and high- (6 g/kg, i.g.) dose groups. All the groups were administered daily for 28 consecutive days. There were four parameters—escape latency, crossings of platform, swimming distance, and time spent in the target quadrant—that were recorded to evaluate the cognitive performance of mice in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). After MWM testing, the levels of acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) that were present in brain tissue were determined using assay kits. The GC data showed that PC consisted of four major components: tetracosanol (14.40%), hexacosanol (48.97%), octacosanol (25.40%), and triacontanol (4.80%). In the MWM test, PC significantly decreased the escape latency (p < 0.05) and increased the crossings of the platform (p < 0.05) and swimming distance (p < 0.05) and time in the target quadrant (p < 0.05) in rodents compared to that in the model group. Moreover, PC increased the levels of ACh, SOD, and GSH; inhibited AChE; and reduced MDA in the brain tissue of the tested animals. This is the first report to evaluate the efficacy of PC for cognitive behavior and function in animals. Our findings demonstrate that PC from E. pela wax is likely to exert an enhancing effect on learning and memory by promoting the cholinergic system and attenuating oxidative stress, which will provide a new insight into the efficacy of PC and expand its application in the food, nutraceutical, and beverage industries.

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1.2.3.2 The pela wax scale and commercial wax production

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Edible insects as a food source: a review

Edible insects as a food source: a review

General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

Improving Effect of the Policosanol from Ericerus pela Wax on Learning and Memory Impairment Caused by Scopolamine in Mice

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