1,400 Years of Climate Change in the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract

Anthropogenic Global Warming is the Climate Change main cause. Nevertheless, several authors indicated the solar activity and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation variation as additional forcing. This article considers the amplification of the solar radiation and of the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation’s variation, via sea ice cover albedo feedbacks in the Arctic regions, as forcing Climate change in complement to Anthropogenic Global Warming. A physical model, using the sunspot number count and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation index as inputs, simulates the average global temperature anomaly and the Arctic Sea Ice Extension for the past twelve centuries. This model represents innovative progress in understanding how existing studies on Arctic Sea ice’s albedo feedbacks can help complement the Anthropogenic Global Warming models, thus helping to define more precise models for future climate change. In addition, the North Atlantic Oscillation index across 1,200 years is determined and, through its correlation with temperature and precipitation anomaly, the climate history of 15 different European and Northern Hemisphere regions is modelled. The results are then compared with quantitative and qualitative benchmarks from the literature, to evaluate their level of accuracy in simulating the historical data. For purpose of simplicity, the model does not consider anthropogenic global warming. Nevertheless, the natural forcing described in this article shall be considered complementary to anthropogenic global warming effects. Manmade forcing will be included in a future model to be developed by the author.