Climate Change is a widely debated scientific subject and Anthropogenic Global Warming is its main cause. Nevertheless, several authors have indicated solar activity and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation variations may also influence Climate Change. This article considers the amplification of solar radiation’s and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation’s variations, via sea ice cover albedo feedbacks in the Arctic regions, providing a conceptual advance in the application of Arctic Amplification for modelling historical climate change. A 1-dimensional physical model, using sunspot number count and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation index as inputs, can simulate the average global temperature’s anomaly and the Arctic Sea Ice Extension for the past eight centuries. This model represents an innovative progress in understanding how existing studies on Arctic sea ice’s albedo feedbacks can help complementing the Anthropogenic Global Warming models, thus helping to define more precise models for future climate change.

Anthropogenic Global Warming is the Climate Change main cause. Nevertheless, several authors indicated the solar activity and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation variation as additional forcing. This article considers the amplification of the solar radiation and of the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation’s variation, via sea ice cover albedo feedbacks in the Arctic regions, as forcing Climate change in complement to Anthropogenic Global Warming. A physical model, using the sunspot number count and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation index as inputs, simulates the average global temperature anomaly and the Arctic Sea Ice Extension for the past twelve centuries. This model represents innovative progress in understanding how existing studies on Arctic Sea ice’s albedo feedbacks can help complement the Anthropogenic Global Warming models, thus helping to define more precise models for future climate change. In addition, the North Atlantic Oscillation index across 1,200 years is determined and, through its correlation with temperature and precipitation anomaly, the climate history of 15 different European and Northern Hemisphere regions is modelled. The results are then compared with quantitative and qualitative benchmarks from the literature, to evaluate their level of accuracy in simulating the historical data. For purpose of simplicity, the model does not consider anthropogenic global warming. Nevertheless, the natural forcing described in this article shall be considered complementary to anthropogenic global warming effects. Manmade forcing will be included in a future model to be developed by the author.

In his previous article “Arctic Sea Ice’s Amplification as a Complement to Anthropogenic Global Warming”, the author considered the amplification of solar radiation variations, via Arctic Sea’s ice cover albedo, as forcing to climate change. The same model is used here to extend the data input from the period 1200–2100 AD of the previous study to the period 800–2160 AD. In addition, the present study reconstructs the North Atlantic Oscillation index across the 1,200-year period. Based on its correlation with temperature and precipitation, the model reconstructs the climate anomalies due to NAO in several different European and neighbouring regions and sums them to the previous article’s results. The regional overall results of the model are compared with quantitative and qualitative benchmarks from literature, to evaluate the level of accuracy in simulating the historical data. Therefore, the aim of this article is not only to present the modelled results, but also to relate them to the major climatic and agricultural events of European history.