11 An overview of some epistemic categories in Dzongkha

Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Tshering, Karma

doi:10.1515/9783110473742-011

Cited by 51 publications

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“…While Tibetic etyma for Zanthoxylum are unrelated to the root found in Rgyalrongic, the East Bodish language Kurtöp has chawa 'Zanthoxylum' (Hyslop et al 2022), whose first syllable could go back to earlier *tɕʰap with a *-(b)a suffix and intervocalic lenition. In polysyllabic Tibetan loanwords or cognates withba as a second syllable, when the first syllable has a coda, it is lost in Kurtöp, and the consonant of the suffix is lenited to w, as shown by examples such as phawa 'Dhole, Cuon alpinus' from Tibetan འཕར་བ་ ⁿpʰar.ba or sawan 'seed' from Tibetan ས་བོ ན་ sa.bon.…”

Section: Bodishmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sichuan Peppercorn and the Birth of Numbing Spices in East Asia

Jacques

Guedes

2023

EBL

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Sichuan peppercorn Zanthoxylum sp. is an important food condiment, currently used in East Asia and South Asia. In this paper, we review genetic, archaeological, and linguistic evidence regarding the use of Zanthoxylum by ancient human populations. The evidence from these three disciplines converge to suggest that its earliest attested use dates from the mid-fourth millennium BCE, in Western Sichuan, making it one of the oldest spices in East Asia. The paper also discusses how this spice was supplemented, and even superseded, by the introduction of the American Chili Pepper (Capsicum spp.). in the seventeenth century. We further argue that differences in the biosynthesis of numbing compounds between cultivars of Zanthoxylum sp. in northern and southern Western China that are due to deep evolutionary processes may have in turn influenced culinary preferences.

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Section: Bodishmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sichuan Peppercorn and the Birth of Numbing Spices in East Asia

Jacques

Guedes

2023

EBL

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“…As for the modal copulas, in Dzongkha the equivalent speculative copulas are based on the present tense copulas plus the WT verb འོ ང་ 'ong 'come' (Hyslop and Tshering 2017). This is probably also the case for Brokpa jinuŋ and jedoŋ, which are presumably based on ཡི ན་ yin and ཡོ ད་ yod, respectively (ditto for the negative counterparts).…”

Section: Comparative Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Descriptions of copulas are available for three other Southern Tibetic languages: Dzongkha (van Driem 1998(van Driem , 2007Tshering and van Driem 2019;Hyslop and Tshering 2017), Denjongke (Yliniemi 2017(Yliniemi , 2019, and Chocha-ngachakha (Tournadre and Rigzin 2015), which will be consulted where appropriate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copulas in Brokpa

Funk¹

2020

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Like many Tibetic languages, Brokpa boasts an intricate system of copulas. Six present tense copulas, one past tense copula, and two modal copulas are identified, including a distinction between sets of equative and existential copulas and a three-way epistemic contrast akin to Lhasa Tibetan, and more elaborated than that found in Brokpa's Bhutanese relatives Dzongkha or Chocha-ngachakha. In particular, Brokpa features an egophoric category next to a contrast between, in DeLancey (2018)'s terms, EVIDENTIAL and nonevidential FACTUAL which is reminiscent of the opposition between acquired and assimilated knowledge proposed for Dzongkha by van Driem (1998). The discussion of the sophisticated epistemic semantics of Brokpa copulas is complemented by some suggestions as to its diachronic origins.

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“…Hyslop & Karma Tshering (2017) Romanise the two forms as 'ing([īŋ]) and 'immä([īmmɛ]), suggesting a high tone realisation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Beyond evidentiality, the case of Ladakhi inok & siblings [HL Archive 13]

Zeisler

2022

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The crosslinguistic concept of evidentiality, discriminating between direct and indirect knowledge, does not account for the Tibetic system, where the domain of direct is split up between external direct knowledge, based on immediate sense perception, and internal direct knowledge, based on acquaintance, control/ volition, responsibility, and/ or authority or active involvement.With the so-called 'factual' copula and auxiliary red (or equivalents), several Tibetic languages also differentiate assertions, which are said to be neutral with respect to evidentiality. Ladakhi does not seem to have a corresponding counterpart. However, many 'factual' usages of red as a copula could possibly be translated by the compound auxiliary inok of the Central Ladakhi dialects and its siblings' ɦinak, ɦindak, ɦinɖak, and intsuk elsewhere. Nevertheless, inok & siblings do not present events neutrally, but express a speaker's distanced attitude towards the content and the addressee and, logically, express the expected attitude of the addressee in questions. One important function of inok & siblings is to shift the focus from the speaker and his or her knowledge to the addressee and the latter's knowledge or interest. The exact value of this attitude may vary considerably according to the context and sociopragmatic constraints, some of the latter also being dialect specific. The various functions of Ladakhi inok & siblings may shed light on the perhaps not so neutral character of red (and its equivalents) and, more generally, on how 'evidential' the 'evidential' systems in Tibetic languages (and languages under Tibetic influence) actually are.

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11 An overview of some epistemic categories in Dzongkha

Cited by 51 publications

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Sichuan Peppercorn and the Birth of Numbing Spices in East Asia

Sichuan Peppercorn and the Birth of Numbing Spices in East Asia

Copulas in Brokpa

Beyond evidentiality, the case of Ladakhi inok & siblings [HL Archive 13]

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11 An overview of some epistemic categories in Dzongkha

Cited by 51 publications

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Sichuan Peppercorn and the Birth of Numbing Spices in East Asia

Sichuan Peppercorn and the Birth of Numbing Spices in East Asia

Copulas in Brokpa

Beyond evidentiality, the case of Ladakhi inok &amp; siblings [HL Archive 13]

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Product

Resources

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Beyond evidentiality, the case of Ladakhi inok & siblings [HL Archive 13]