110 Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Risk Factor to Increasing Respiratory Childhood Infection and Pneumonia in South-West region Nigeria

Omiyefa, Seye; Osoba, R.

doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71908-1

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Pneumonia is a lower respiratory infection caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and was the leading infectious cause of mortality in children under 5 years old in 2015 worldwide 45 . Exposure to parental smoking is one identified pneumonia-related residential risk factor 46 and several studies have reported environmental tobacco smoke to be a risk for pneumonia in children [47][48][49][50] . A study in China reported household exposure to cigarette smoke to be a risk factor for pneumonia in children 51 .…”

Section: Continuedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of parental smoking and indoor tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory outcomes in children

Yang

Qian

Zheng

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The extensive literature has reported adverse effects on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on children's health. We aim to analyze associations of ETS with dry night cough, croup, pneumonia, and frequent common cold and to disentangle the effects of prenatal, infancy and childhood exposure by multilevel logistic regression. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 41,176 children aged 3-8 years in 8 major cities of China during 2010-2011, and obtained demographic information, smoke exposure information, and respiratory outcomes. Parents' smoking habit and indoor tobacco smoke odor were considered as two indicators of ETS. The prevalences of respiratory outcomes were 6.0% for croup, 9.5% for frequency common cold, 17.1% for dry night cough and 32.3% for pneumonia respectively in the study. The associations between respiratory outcomes and parental smoking were not obvious, while indoor tobacco smoke odor was clearly and strongly associated with most respiratory outcomes, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.06 to 1.95. Both infancy and childhood exposure to tobacco smoke odor were independent risk factors, but infancy exposure had a higher risk. The results explore that ETS increased the risk of respiratory outcomes in children, highlighting the need for raising awareness about the detrimental effects of tobacco smoke exposure.Conclusive evidence demonstrates the detrimental effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on respiratory symptoms, including increasing the incidence of asthma 1-3 , wheeze 3,4 , rhinitis 5 , lower and upper respiratory infections 6-8 in children. ETS consists of more than 4000 components, of which more than 40 are carcinogens 9 . WHO (World Health Organization) has estimated that about half of the world's children, ~700 million have been exposed to tobacco smoke, mainly in their homes 10 . Children are more vulnerable to ambient air pollutants than adults as their immune systems have not been well developed 11 . Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are the predominant causes of mortality and morbidity among children 12 . RTIs are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections (such as common cold) and lower respiratory tract infections (such as pneumonia). Although abundant studies support causal associations between tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory outcomes among children 6,[13][14][15] , associations are inconclusive, perhaps because of differences in the extent of tobacco smoke exposure, questionnaires, populations and sample size across studies.Several studies focused on the independent effect of prenatal, postnatal and childhood exposure to tobacco smoke on children's respiratory outcomes 1,16-18 , yielding inconsistent findings. A study in six cities of metropolitan France of 9000 children aged 9-11 years old found there were no associations between parental smoking and atopy, rhinitis, eczema 19 . A study based on the first 22,390 children born between 2000 and 2004 in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort found postnatal paternal smoking was also associ...

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Section: Continuedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of parental smoking and indoor tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory outcomes in children

Yang

Qian

Zheng

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Exposure to tobacco smoke was not a risk factor in our cohort. However, prior research has reported environmental tobacco smoke as a risk factor for pneumonia in children [ 27 , 28 ]. We did not include the number of cigarettes smoked per day by the household member/s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Vitamin D Level and Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study

Liyanage

Kaneshapillai

Kanthasamy

2021

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases

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Introduction. Recent research has shown conflicting evidence on the connection between vitamin D deficiency and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. Thus, we hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency could be a risk factor for CAP. Methods. Hospitalized children between 2 and 60 months with physician-diagnosed, radiologically confirmed severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were enrolled as cases. Age-matched controls were enrolled from immunization and weighing clinics. A blood sample was collected to assess serum 25-(OH)D concentration. Unconditional logistic regression was done to examine the independent association of vitamin D level with community-acquired pneumonia. Results. Seventy-four children (females: 68%) were included. Overall, 27% had vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and 37.8% had insufficiency (20–29 ng/mL). The vitamin D level ranged from 8.67 to 46.2 ng/mL. There was no statistically significant difference in 25(OH)D levels in controls and cases ( p = 0.694 ). In unconditional logistic regression, 25(OH)D concentration was not a determinant of CAP (OR: 0.99, CI: 0.937–1.044, p = 0.689 ). This lack of association remained after adjustment for age, gender, income, crowding, and exposure to passive smoke (OR: 0.99, CI: 0.937–1.065, p = 0.973 ). Household income was significantly associated with CAP (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.021–0.567, p = 0.008 ). Conclusion. Two-thirds of the children with CAP had vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. In comparison with healthy controls, vitamin D level was not a significant determinant of community-acquired pneumonia. It informs that further multisite research is required using more rigorous scientific methods for conclusive evidence on the relationship between vitamin D and CAP.

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110 Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Risk Factor to Increasing Respiratory Childhood Infection and Pneumonia in South-West region Nigeria

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of parental smoking and indoor tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory outcomes in children

Effects of parental smoking and indoor tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory outcomes in children

Serum Vitamin D Level and Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study

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