Perovskite photovoltaic
(PV) technology toward commercialization
relies on high power conversion efficiency (PCE), long lifetime, and
low-toxicity in addition to development of scalable fabrication protocols,
optimization of large-area solar module structures, and a positive
cost–benefit assessment. Although small-area metal halide perovskite
solar cells (PSCs) show PCE up to 24.2%, the efficiency gap between
small- and large-area PSC devices is still large. Worldwide research
efforts have been directed toward developing scalable fabrication
strategies for perovskite solar modules. In this Review, we share
our view regarding the current-stage challenges for the fabrication
of perovskite solar modules with areas greater than 200 cm2, summarize recent progress in minimizing the efficiency gap, and
highlight what strategies warrant further investigation for moving
perovskite PV technology toward industrial scale. These strategies
include learning from other commercialized thin-film PV technologies,
analyzing the current status of perovskite solar modules employing
solution- and vapor-based scalable fabrication techniques, and optimizing
large-area module designs. Considering cost analysis and operational
stability profiles, carbon electrode-based devices are particularly
promising.