Scalable Fabrication of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Abstract

Perovskite photovoltaic (PV) technology toward commercialization relies on high power conversion efficiency (PCE), long lifetime, and low-toxicity in addition to development of scalable fabrication protocols, optimization of large-area solar module structures, and a positive cost–benefit assessment. Although small-area metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show PCE up to 24.2%, the efficiency gap between small- and large-area PSC devices is still large. Worldwide research efforts have been directed toward developing scalable fabrication strategies for perovskite solar modules. In this Review, we share our view regarding the current-stage challenges for the fabrication of perovskite solar modules with areas greater than 200 cm2, summarize recent progress in minimizing the efficiency gap, and highlight what strategies warrant further investigation for moving perovskite PV technology toward industrial scale. These strategies include learning from other commercialized thin-film PV technologies, analyzing the current status of perovskite solar modules employing solution- and vapor-based scalable fabrication techniques, and optimizing large-area module designs. Considering cost analysis and operational stability profiles, carbon electrode-based devices are particularly promising.

New Fullerene Derivative as an n‐Type Material for Highly Efficient, Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells of a p‐i‐n Configuration

“…[4] This allows to attain very high specific powers and enables versatile, low-cost manufacturing methods. [5] New value propositions available for PSCs position this technology as a tangible solution for the emerging and rapidly growing PV markets, such as building-integrated PV (facades, windows, rooftops), automotive (vehicle integration), or internet-of-things (autonomous sensors, Industry 4.0). [6,7] As PSCs are rapidly moving toward the industrial phase, there are still open questions about the prevailing architecture, choice of materials (including charge selective layers) and processing methodologies.…”

Pyridine Bridging Diphenylamine-Carbazole with Linking Topology as Rational Hole Transporter for Perovskite Solar Cells Fabrication

“…The plausible reasons for improved stability are as follows: the perovskite/2,6PyDANCBZ and perovskite/3,5PyDANCBZ show a higher water contact angle of 91 o and 86 o compared to that of Spiro-OMeTAD (76 o ), the excellent hydrophobic nature of developed HTMs can effectively block the water penetration into perovskite layers.Another supporting explanation is that the pyridine core of HTMs acts as a passivating agent for the perovskite layer and perovskite/HTM interface [57][58][59]. Plots of normalized PCE of a) PSCs with different HTMs vs the storage time and b) contact angle of perovskite with different HTMs.Developing cost-effective HTMs with excellent properties is an effective methodology to lower the cost of PSCs modules to promote the commercialization 60. Our results suggest that the pyridine based HTMs are competitive candidates for high-performance PSCs fabrication.…”

Perovskite modules with 99% geometrical fill factor using point contact interconnections design

“…Overview of published perovskite solar module aperture area versus (A) power conversion efficiencies and (B) GFF 4,10,12,14,15 . Circular data points in (A) represent highest certified small area solar cell for a specific year 1 .…”

“…The measure used to define the ratio of the active area to the aperture area of the solar module is the geometrical fill factor (GFF). Figure 1B shows reported GFF for published perovskite modules to date 4,10,12,14,15 . The highest GFF achieved is 95% 9,16 using ps pulsed laser patterning.…”