12 novel atypical porcine pestivirus genomes from neonatal piglets with congenital tremors: A newly emerging branch and high prevalence in China

Yan, Xiaoling; Li, Y.Y.; He, Liang-Ying; Wu, Jianming; Tang, Xiaoyin; Chen, G.H.; Mai, Kaijie; Wu, Ruizhu; Li, Q.N.; Chen, Y.H.; Sun, Yankuo; Ma, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.010

Cited by 29 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Kaufmann et al [ 18 ] showed that APPV has been circulating in Switzerland at least since 1986, which was the earliest detection point worldwide. To date, APPV has been reported on four continents and fourteen different countries [ 19 ]. Mortality is high in CT-affected litters, from around 10% to as high as 30% in some affected farms [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atypical Porcine Pestivirus Circulation and Molecular Evolution within an Affected Swine Herd

Folgueiras-González

Braak

Simmelink

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a single-stranded RNA virus from the family Flaviviridae, which is linked to congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in newborn piglets. Here, we retrospectively investigated the molecular evolution of APPV on an affected herd between 2013 and 2019. Monitoring was done at regular intervals, and the same genotype of APPV was found during the entire study period, suggesting no introductions from outside the farm. The nucleotide substitutions over time did not show substantial amino acid variation in the structural glycoproteins. Furthermore, the evolution of the virus showed mainly purifying selection, and no positive selection. The limited pressure on the virus to change at immune-dominant regions suggested that the immune pressure at the farm might be low. In conclusion, farms can have circulation of APPV for years, and massive testing and removal of infected animals are not sufficient to clear the virus from affected farms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, 58 unique full-genome sequences are available in NCBI GenBank (access date: 1 April 2020). The APPV full-genome sequences have 80–99% identity, showing high variability even within the same country, with difficulty to infer the origin, dissemination and common ancestor of several strains of the virus [ 19 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical Porcine Pestivirus Circulation and Molecular Evolution within an Affected Swine Herd

Folgueiras-González

Braak

Simmelink

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…Interestingly, we also found that APPV strains except for APPV_GD from Guangdong province belonged to an independent subgroup, while APPV_GD strain together with strains from Europe and Korea belonged to another subgroup. One study reported that the genomic sequences of 14 APPV strains from Guangdong province shared 80.6-99.8% nucleotide identities and distributed in three well-defined clades including a newly emerging branch in China, which showed high genetic diversity among these strains [23]. These phenomena might due to the multiple sources of stud pigs and boar semen in China, which not only came from North America countries such as USA and Canada, but also came from European countries such as Denmark, France and Germany, and APPV might spread into China through the infected pigs and contaminated semen from America and Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the existence of APPV in serum from apparently healthy adult pigs revealed that it might prevalent for a long time without any clinical manifestations [5,7]. In China, the first APPV infection in swine herds was reported in Guangdong province in 2016 [14], and subsequently, the genomic presences of APPV were detected in pigs from Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Anhui and other provinces in China [18,19,20,21,22,23,24].…”

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confidence: 99%

Evolution and genetic diversity of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) from piglets with congenital tremor in Guangxi province, Southern China

Shi

Xie

Zhao

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was identified and associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in new born piglets and has been reported in many countries around the world since 2015. In China, the first APPV infection in swine herds was reported in Guangdong province in 2016.To investigate the genetic characteristics of APPV from Guangxi province seated in Southern China, the full-length sequences of APPV strains were amplified and analyzed.Results: Tissue samples from neonatal piglets with CT from Guangxi province were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). APPV positive samples were amplified, cloned and sequenced, and the complete genomic sequences of five APPV strains were obtained.Sequence analysis revealed that all six APPV strains from Guangxi province, including five strains from this study and one from other researchers, shared 83.3%-97.5% nucleotide identity of complete genome and 91.7%-99.1% amino acid identity of open reading frame (ORF) with one another, and shared 77.7%-97.7% nucleotide identity of complete genome and 90.6%-99.3% amino acid identity of ORF with other reference strains available in Genbank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the APPV strains from Guangxi province belonged to four different subgroups in the phylogenetic tree based on the complete genomic sequences, and similar topology was observed in the phylogenetic trees based on N pro , E rns and E2 gene sequences, respectively. No sign of recombination was observed for strains from Guangxi province by using Recombination Detection Program 4 (RDP4) and Simplot analysis. Evolution analysis performed on the complete genome of 58 APPV strains available in Genbank showed that APPV strains from America, Europe and Asia during 2006-2019 evolved at a mean rate of 1.37×10 -4 substitutions/site/year, and the most recent common ancestor ( tMRCA ) of them was estimated as 1700.5 years ago.Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that there existed a high degree of genetic diversity of APPV from Guangxi province, Southern China, which provided important information on the epidemiological features and evolutionary relationships of APPV.

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“…Currently, accumulating evidence indicates that APPVinfected CT type A-II has developed into a global disease, thus posing great challenges to pig production. Although numerous studies have been carried out on APPV in the past few years [3][4][5][6][7], including epidemiology and genetic evolution, there are relatively few reports on its pathogenesis, immune response, transmission route, and particularly vaccine design, the most important aspects of disease prevention. Additionally, the virus is diffi cult to isolate and passage in cell culture, which signifi cantly hinders APPV research, and leads to a need of fi nding new and alternative approaches to study the virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An alternative strategy for studying emerging atypical porcine pestivirus

Ren¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2020

J Vaccines Immunol

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Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) is an emerging agent that belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae and causes Congenital Tremor (CT) in newborn piglets. Piglets with CT are mainly characterized by rhythmic tremor in the limbs and head, complicated by ataxia. Affected animals often die due to insuffi cient sucking with a mortality rate of 10%-30%. Histopathological fi ndings of such piglets are mainly characterized by increased vacuoles in the white matter of the cerebellum, hypomyelination of the spinal cord, and microglial proliferation. APPV has been widely spread around the world since it was fi rst reported in 2015, bringing huge economic losses to the pig industry. However, as a newly discovered virus, no vaccine is currently available to prevent and control APPV infection. In addition, the diffi culties in APPV isolation and its high genetic variability severely hamper the development of APPV vaccines. Here, we propose an alternative strategy, the reverse genetics system, may be a prospective platform to address the issues with APPV vaccine design.

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12 novel atypical porcine pestivirus genomes from neonatal piglets with congenital tremors: A newly emerging branch and high prevalence in China

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Atypical Porcine Pestivirus Circulation and Molecular Evolution within an Affected Swine Herd

Atypical Porcine Pestivirus Circulation and Molecular Evolution within an Affected Swine Herd

Evolution and genetic diversity of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) from piglets with congenital tremor in Guangxi province, Southern China

An alternative strategy for studying emerging atypical porcine pestivirus

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