129I/127I, 129I/137Cs and 129I/99Tc in the Norwegian coastal current from 1980 to 1998

Seasonal variations in activity concentrations of137Cs,40K,7Be,228Ra,99Tc,90Sr, and $^{239,240}$Pu in Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum from the southeastern coast of Norway

“…In the North Atlantic region especially Fucus Vesiculosus has been used to study radioactive pollutions in the marine environments e.g. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], while other species has been used to a lesser extent. Ascophyllum nodosum has though been proven to be an effective indicator organism for 99 Tc [3].…”

Trends in the spatial and temporal distribution of 129I and 99Tc in coastal waters surrounding Ireland using Fucus vesiculosus as a bio-indicator

“…Inferred 129 I/ 99 Tc ratios in seawater along the northeast coast do not correlate with the discharge ratios, even when allowance is made for the transit time of 3e6 months from the discharge outlet to the northeast coast. Factors which complicate interpretation include the high degree of turbulent mixing that takes place within the water column of the Irish Sea, large short-term fluctuations in the respective activities discharged, differences in the biokinetics involved and seasonal variations in uptake (Beasley and Lorz, 1986;Patti et al, 1990;Smith et al, 1997;Yiou et al, 2002). On the other hand, 129 I/ 99 Tc ratios in seawater from the west/southwest coasts (sites 11e16, inclusive) in 1985, 1994 and 2003 (Table 3) are broadly consistent with 129 I/ 99 Tc ratios in discharges from Sellafield approximately 3e4 years prior to sampling in each case.…”

“…It has been shown that archived seaweed samples can be used to identify past input of both 129 I and 99 Tc to the marine environment (Hou et al, 2000a;Raisbeck et al, 1995;Smith et al, 1997Smith et al, , 2001Yiou et al, 2002). Seaweeds such as Fucus vesiculosus, are known to concentrate iodine and technetium efficiently from seawater with dry weight concentration factors of 5 Â 10 4 and 1.5 Â 10 5 , respectively, regarded as representative (IAEA, 2004).…”

Analysis of ¹²⁹I and its Application as Environmental Tracer

“…The continuously increased 129 I level might indicate that sources of 129 I arise from both weapons testing and reprocessing releases [64]. I can be used as an ideal tracer for water mass transport and exchange in the long term [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][66][67][68]. Fig.…”

“…Compared to seawater, it is easy to collect and store and therefore suitable for investigation of temporal variation of 129 I in seawater [11,17,39,70]. Fig.…”