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Hoffmann, John M.; Hoffmann, D.P.; Kroll, EC; Wallace, J.W.; Kroll, MJ

doi:10.1023/a:1011645701985

Cited by 18 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This analysis shows that at least a 432°C (1,000°F) temperature differential between a globule and the immediately adjacent wire is not an indication that electrical faulting occurred in 34 AWG conductors. The cross-sections of powered copper wires that experienced known electrical faulting (samples 6-10) reveal beads and wire microstructures that are dissimilar from thermally created samples (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) as evident in Figures 9 and 10. The microstructures of the electrically created beads most closely resemble the heat-affected and fusion zones of a fusion weld, indicating they reached the fusion temperature of copper (1,082°C).…”

Section: Fire Technology 2015mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Globules and Beads: What Do They Indicate About Small-Diameter Copper Conductors that Have Been Through a Fire?

2015

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Many fire investigators believe the presence of a rounded mass of re-solidified copper at the end of a small-diameter copper conductor means the conductor was energized at the time of the fire. While testing performed in the course of fire investigations by others and in this work has demonstrated that beads of re-solidified copper may be present on conductors known to have voltage present at the time of the fire, there may also be globules of re-solidified copper on conductors known not to have been energized. Even if the copper conductor orientation during a fire is considered, the external appearance of these beads and globules on small, 34 AWG conductors has not been found to be a reliable indicator of the cause of formation, often requiring further analysis. In an effort to identify and determine potential differences between beads created by electrical faulting alone and globules created by fire attack, testing was performed in which 34 AWG conductors were exposed to laboratory flames and burning bedding with and without being energized. The resulting beads and globules were then analyzed considering both their external appearances and internal microstructures. The analysis of the internal microstructures considering grain boundaries, voids, damage, and signs of re-melting provided insight concerning the cause of such features on tinned, 34 AWG conductors that can be found at fire scenes. Specifically, in unpowered 34 AWG conductors the copper microstructure variations between globules and the immediately adjacent wires has shown that at least a 432°C temperature differential can be created without electrical faulting in this work. Beads created by electrical faulting alone have been found to have characteristics that distinguish them from globules caused by fire attack in this work as well. The microstructures in beads resemble the heat-affected and fusion zones of a fusion weld, while the proximal unmelted wires do not reach the annealing temperature of copper. This condition creates a sharp line of demarcation between the melted and unmelted conductor surfaces as a result of the localized heat from electrical faulting seen within the beads. This sharp line of demarcation can be used to identify beads as opposed to globules.

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Section: Fire Technology 2015mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure'' (Hoffmann et al 2001) [4] In the introduction to this article, the authors discussed the reasons for conducting the work that resulted in the article. The authors then identified three specific objectives of the work reported on in this article in this quotation:…”

Section: ''Electrical Power Cord Damage From Radiant Heat and Firementioning

confidence: 99%