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Thacker, Neeta; Kaur, Parminder; Rudra, Anjana

doi:10.1023/a:1013171417185

Cited by 44 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The value of individual THMs like chloroform is higher than USEPA, WHO and Indian standard IS 10500. Thacker also reported THM concentration in Mumbai city up to 337.5 μg/L, he also pointed the maximum concentration of chloroform in THM compound, but the authors did not predict any cancer risk for their study area [37]. The total cancer risk reached 8.99E-04 and 8.92E-04 for males and females, respectively, the highest risk from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health risk analysis from disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking and bathing water of some Indian cities

Mishra

Gupta

Sinha

2014

J Environ Health Sci Engineer

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BackgroundHuman health risk assessment from exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) during drinking and bathing water vary from country to country as per life expectancy, body mass index, water consumption pattern and individual concentration of DBPs component, etc.MethodsPresent study considered average direct water intake per person for adult males and females as 4 & 3 L/day, respectively as per Indian literature for risk evaluation from another component of pollutant. While other important factor like average life expectancy, body weight & body surface area for male and female were considered 64 & 67 years, 51.9 & 45.4 Kg and 1.54 & 1.38 m2 respectively as per Indian Council of Medical Research and WHO report. The corresponding lifetime cancer risk of the formed THMs to human beings was estimated by the USEPA and IRIS method as per Indian population.ResultsThe total cancer risk reached 8.99 E-04 and 8.92 E-04 for males and females, respectively, the highest risk from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts.ConclusionsThe multipath way evaluations of lifetime cancer risks for THMs exposure through ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure were examined at the highest degree of danger. Results reveals that water containing THMs of the selected water treatment plant of the eastern part of India was unsafe in terms of risk evaluation through inhalation and ingestion, while dermal route of risk was found very close to permissible limit of USEPA. Sensitivity analysis shows that every input parameter is sole responsible for total risk potential, whereas exposure duration playing important role for estimation of total risk.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health risk analysis from disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking and bathing water of some Indian cities

Mishra

Gupta

Sinha

2014

J Environ Health Sci Engineer

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“…Because liver diseases such as NAFLD have relatively high global prevalence and in many cases are asymptomatic, routine screening for ALT and related biomarkers may serve as useful clinical tools for early detection and prevention (Pacifico et al, 2013). THM levels exceeding exposure guidelines have been reported both in the US and in various regions globally (Fooladvand et al, 2011; Goslan et al, 2009; Mishra et al, 2014; Rivera-Nunez et al, 2012; Thacker et al, 2002; Tokmak et al, 2004; Uyak, 2006). If an association between THMs and NAFLD is con-firmed, then continued surveillance of drinking water quality and ALT biomonitoring can be targeted as public health strategies that can help prevent NAFLD and its related hepatic or metabolic diseases (Andra et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biomonitoring equivalents for THMs (i.e., the chemical concentration in blood corresponding to the EPA reference dose [RfD], the daily oral dose to humans that is not likely to elicit adverse health effects during a lifetime) have been estimated as 230, 20, 80, 130 pg/mL for chloroform, BDCM, DBCM, and bromoform, respectively (Aylward et al, 2008; LaKind et al, 2010). Despite knowledge of health impacts and the establishment of benchmark concentrations for TTHM monitoring, concentrations in drinking water exceeding benchmark values still occur in the US and in various regions globally (Fooladvand et al, 2011; Goslan et al, 2009; Mishra et al, 2014; Rivera-Nunez et al, 2012; Thacker et al, 2002; Tokmak et al, 2004; Uyak, 2006). In areas where monitoring is sporadic or absent, the impacts of exposure to TTHM above recommended levels is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trihalomethane exposure and biomonitoring for the liver injury indicator, alanine aminotransferase, in the United States population (NHANES 1999–2006)

Burch

Everson

Seth

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

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Exposure to trihalomethanes (or THMs: chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane [DBCM]) formed via drinking water disinfection has been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes and cancers of the digestive or genitourinary organs. However, few studies have examined potential associations between THMs and liver injury in humans, even though experimental studies suggest that these agents exert hepatotoxic effects, particularly among obese individuals. This study examined participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2006, N = 2781) to test the hypothesis that THMs are associated with liver injury as assessed by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in circulation. Effect modification by body mass index (BMI) or alcohol consumption also was examined. Associations between blood THM concentrations and ALT activity were assessed using unconditional multiple logistic regression to calculate prevalence odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for exposure among cases with elevated ALT activity (men: >40 IU/L, women: >30 IU/L) relative to those with normal ALT, after adjustment for variables that may confound the relationship between ALT and THMs. Compared to controls, cases were 1.35 times more likely (95% CI: 1.02, 1.79) to have circulating DBCM concentrations exceeding median values in the population. There was little evidence for effect modification by BMI, although the association varied by alcohol consumption. Among non-drinkers, cases were more likely than controls to be exposed to DBCM (OR: 3.30, 95% CI: 1.37–7.90), bromoform (OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.21–6.81), or brominated THMs (OR: 4.00, 95% CI: 1.31–12.1), but no association was observed among participants with low, or moderate to heavy alcohol consumption. Total THM levels exceeding benchmark exposure limits continue to be reported both in the United States and globally. Results from this study suggest a need for further characterization of ALT activity and possibly other hepatic or metabolic diseases in popu lations with elevated drinking water THM concentrations.

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“…In 2012, India implemented THM4 regulatory limits identical to the WHO guideline values, albeit with a lower limit on chloroform (200 μg/L) (Table S1). Monitoring data for municipal drinking waters in India are not publicly available, but studies have documented THM4 concentrations of up to 500–600 μg/L in Mumbai, Kolkata, and cities in Jharkhand. − Concentrations of other DBPs in Indian drinking waters are not available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection Byproducts in Rajasthan, India: Are Trihalomethanes a Sufficient Indicator of Disinfection Byproduct Exposure in Low-Income Countries?

Furst

Coyte

Wood

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The implementation of chlorine disinfection in low-income countries reduces the risk of waterborne illness but initiates exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Like high-income countries, low-income countries typically are adopting regulations focusing on trihalomethanes (THM4) as an indicator of overall DBP exposure. However, the use of impaired water sources can decouple the formation of THM4 from other DBP classes that are more potent toxins. The documentation of DBP species other than THM4 is rare in low-income countries, where water sources may be degraded by inadequate sanitation infrastructure and other uncontrolled wastewater discharges. We measured THM4 and 21 unregulated DBPs in tap waters and laboratory-treated source waters from two cities in northwestern India. The contribution of each DBP class to the cumulative toxicity was estimated by weighting each species by metrics of toxic potency; haloacetonitriles typically were the dominant contributor, while the contribution of THM4 was negligible. THM4 concentrations did not correlate with the total toxic potency-weighted DBP concentrations. Although THM4 rarely exceeded international guidelines, DBPs of greater toxicological concern were observed in high concentrations. The total toxic potency-weighted DBP concentrations in some waters were elevated compared to conventional drinking waters in high-income countries and more closely resembled chlorine-disinfected wastewater effluents. Artificial sweeteners confirmed widespread contamination of both surface and groundwaters by domestic sewage. The results suggest that THM4 may not be an adequate indicator of overall DBP exposure in impaired water supplies prevalent in some low-income nations.

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Untitled

Cited by 44 publications

References 3 publications

Human health risk analysis from disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking and bathing water of some Indian cities

Human health risk analysis from disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking and bathing water of some Indian cities

Trihalomethane exposure and biomonitoring for the liver injury indicator, alanine aminotransferase, in the United States population (NHANES 1999–2006)

Disinfection Byproducts in Rajasthan, India: Are Trihalomethanes a Sufficient Indicator of Disinfection Byproduct Exposure in Low-Income Countries?

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