176. Phlebographische und klinische Früh- und Spätbefunde bei transvenös implantierten Schrittmacherelektroden

Permanent Transfemoral Pacemaker: A Single‐Center Series Performed with an Easier and Safer Surgical Technique

“…One thrombotic episode associated with permanent iliac venous pacing has been described, associated with a pulmonary embolus episode in the setting of abnormal drainage of the inferior vena cava into the azygous vein 18 . This is a well‐documented potential complication associated with temporary 19 or permanent pacing 20 as well as other lower extremity interventions. In a 10‐year prospective study of more than 6,000 patients with permanent pacemakers, 25 (0.39%) presented with clinical manifestations of venous obstruction such as pain, swelling, or dilated superficial veins of the face or upper limbs 21 .…”

Subclavian Vein Stenosis, Permanent Cardiac Pacemakers and the Haemodialysed Patient

“…Thromboembolic complications in patients with permanent cardiac pacemakers have been documented [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Marx et al [7] found 34 venous thrombi in 120 patients while Stoney et al [8] found total subclavian venous occlusion in 20% and partial venous occlusion in 60% of their patients.…”

“…Marx et al [7] found 34 venous thrombi in 120 patients while Stoney et al [8] found total subclavian venous occlusion in 20% and partial venous occlusion in 60% of their patients. The greater majority of these pa tients were asymptomatic despite the radiological pres ence of significant occlusion.…”

“…Sim ilarly extension of a previously localised obstruction may lead to clinical problems. These include arm swelling with axillary and subclavian vein thrombi [7,8], right atrial thrombus [9,15] and pulmonary emboli associated with both superior vena cava obstruction [10] and right atrial thrombus [15].…”

Pulmonary embolisation of retained transvenous pacemaker electrode.

“…The following case differs from those described previously in that the migrating electrode left the venous system and was embolized into a major pulmonary artery. While pulmonary emboli originating from thrombi surrounding a transvenous pacemaker electrode do occasionally occur (Prozan et al, 1968;Marx et al, 1972), the patient described in this paper represents, to our knowledge, the first case of pulmonary embolization of the electrode itself.…”