[19] Measurement of carotenoids in human and monkey retinas

Handelman, Garry J.; Snodderly, D. Max; Adler, Alice J.; Russett, M D; Dratz, Edward A.

doi:10.1016/0076-6879(92)13123-f

Cited by 69 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophylls (dihydroxy-carotenoids) that can be found in high concentration in the primate eye (Bone et al, 1985;Bone et al, 1993;Handelman et al, 1992;Khachik et al, 1997;Figure 1). They are especially concentrated in the macula region of the primate retina and result in its characteristic yellow colour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Albert¹,

Hoeller²,

Schierle³

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophylls that can be found highly concentrated in the macula of the retina. They are thought to protect the macula through their role as blue-light filters and because of their antioxidant and singlet oxygen quenching properties. Examination of metabolites unique to lutein and zeaxanthin such as 3′-dehydro-lutein, and of their stereochemistry may provide insight to the mechanism by which they are formed and by which they exert protection. To evaluate the formation of such metabolites, eleven monkeys were raised on a xanthophyll-free diet, and supplemented with pure lutein or pure zeaxanthin (2.2 mg/kg body weight/d). The period of supplementation ranged between 12 to 92 weeks. At study start and throughout the study, serum samples were taken and analyzed for xanthophylls using different HPLC systems. Xanthophyll metabolites were identified using UV/VIS and HR-MS detection. Lutein and zeaxanthin metabolites were found in detectable amounts with 3′-dehydro-lutein being a common metabolite of both. Using chiral-phase HPLC, two diastereomers, (3R,6′R)-3′-dehydro-lutein and (3R, 6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein, were identified and shown to be present in nearly equimolar amounts. A pathway for their formation from either lutein or zeaxanthin is proposed. These finding were comparable to results obtained with human plasma.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Albert¹,

Hoeller²,

Schierle³

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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“…This was done using an Agilent 1100 model (Agilent technologies, Santa Clara, CA) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) apparatus with a Diode Array detector, after 100 µL of serum and 200 µL of HDL containing serum were extracted as per the procedure described by Handelman et al [21]. Serum containing HDL was obtained by treatment of 200 µL serum with 200 µL Trace DMA HDL-precipitating reagent (Thermo Electron, Melbourne, Australia) followed by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 5 mins.…”

Section: Serum Total and Hdl Lutein Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aliquots of the lutein nanoemulsion were diluted (1:100) in 0.1M phosphate buffer and extracted in a similar manner as serum. Two mL of 6N KOH was used instead of enzyme reagent and samples were incubated for 30 mins in a 60 º C water bath followed by extraction with 1:1 hexane-ether [21].…”

Section: Nanoemulsion Lutein Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of a Nanoemulsion of Lutein is Greater than a Lutein Supplement

Vishwanathan¹,

Wilson²,

Nicolosi³

2009

Nano BioMed ENG

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Lutein, a lipid soluble, oxygenated carotenoid, has shown beneficial effects against the risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease and also damaging UV radiation. The goal of the present study was to formulate lutein into a stable hydrophilic nanoemulsion that is more bioavailable and consumable in a matrix such as a beverage rather than just supplements. A Microfluidizer® Processor was used to convert an oil-in-water lutein emulsion into a nanoemulsion that is a stable water dispersion and measures 150 nm. After a one wk baseline phase, subjects consumed a lutein supplement pill followed by a lutein nanoemulsion added to orange juice (6 mg/d and 2 mg/d in two separate studies) for one wk each with a 2 wk washout phase between treatments. In study 1, mean serum lutein concentrations (n = 9) increased by 104% (P < 0.001) and 167% (P < 0.001) after the 6 mg supplement and nanoemulsion phases, respectively. In study 2, mean serum lutein concentrations (n = 11) increased by 37% (P < 0.05) and 75% (P < 0.001) after the 2 mg lutein supplement and nanoemulsion phases, respectively Despite the fact that the actual concentration of lutein in the 6 mg and 2 mg nanoemulsions was 10% and 40% lower compared to the supplement form, respectively, due to Microfluidizer ® processor preparation loss, the nanoemulsions resulted in 31% (P < 0.05) and 28% (P < 0.05) greater serum lutein concentrations compared to the supplement.. In conclusion, nanoemulsions of lutein had significantly greater bioavailability than the supplement-pill forms. Keywords:

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“…These two macular pigments are highly concentrated in the retina [6]. While they can also be detected in human serum, their levels here are ~2-3 fold lower vs. levels measured in the retina [7]. This preferential localization and concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin suggests a speciic uptake and storage mechanism for these xanthophylls in the visual system and highlights their essential role in retinal function [8].…”

Section: Lutein and Zeaxanthin-visual Functionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Leveraging Bioactives to Support Human Health through the Lifecycle: Scientific Evidence and Regulatory Considerations

Rai¹,

Rai²

2017

Functional Food - Improve Health Through Adequate Food

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The identiication of bioactive food components and understanding their role as adjunct therapeutic agents in disease management and prevention has become a signiicant area of research. Accumulating evidence suggests a link between certain bioactive food components and health outcomes, for example, lutein and zeaxanthin for visual performance and delaying age-related macular degeneration, probiotics for gastrointestinal outcomes related to irritable bowel syndrome or prebiotics for its potential programming of the microbiome in early life to inluence later life outcomes.. This rapidly developing science has triggered discussions to determine if public health recommendations can be made on bioactive foods. However, regulatory guidance is necessary to guide the development the science, it's consideration for public health policy and the communication thereof to both healthcare professionals and consumers. This chapter will focus on the clinical and basic science supporting a role for lutein and pre-and probiotics in modulating several aspects of human health, including the gut microbiome through the human lifecycle. Opportunities to translate the science to consumers in a meaningful and accurate way will also be highlighted along with the regulatory landscape to shape the testing, communication and commercialization of these bioactives.

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[19] Measurement of carotenoids in human and monkey retinas

Cited by 69 publications

References 10 publications

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Bioavailability of a Nanoemulsion of Lutein is Greater than a Lutein Supplement

Leveraging Bioactives to Support Human Health through the Lifecycle: Scientific Evidence and Regulatory Considerations

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