1H- and 13C-n.m.r. studies on naphtha and light distillate saturate hydrocarbon fractions obtained from in-situ shale oil

Netzel, Daniel A.; McKay, Dale R.; Heppner, Richard A.; Guffey, F.D.; Cooke, Steve D.; Varie, David L.; Linn, Donald E.

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(81)90199-x

Cited by 74 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Taking into account the abundant CH 2 carbon types and the slightly higher proportion of long-chain paraffins in HCO, one can contemplate that longer chains of normal paraffins were present in the upgraded feedstock. Applying the ratio of long chain paraffinic CH 2 and the terminal methyl groups of paraffinic chains as an indicator of the chain length , (2.95 and 2.22 for HFO and HCO, respectively), however, one may note that the paraffinic chains in the pretreated fraction are slightly smaller than the original paraffins due mainly to the liquid-phase cracking reactions. At the same time, the paraffinic CH 2 carbon was more pronounced in the upgraded feedstock, indicating the higher proportion of linear paraffins in HCO.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Step Thermal Cracking of an Extra-Heavy Fuel Oil: Experimental Evaluation, Characterization, and Kinetics

Ghashghaee

Shirvani

2018

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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This work deals with an efficient two-step thermal upgrading process for converting extra-heavy fuel oil to light olefins (ethylene, propylene, and butenes) and fuels (gasoline and diesel fuel). In the first step, mild thermal pretreatment was implemented at different temperatures (360–440 °C) in the liquid phase to obtain a more suitable feedstock for an olefin production unit. Thanks to this cost-effective pretreatment, the upgraded feedstock demonstrated considerable flowability and crackability compared to the initial fuel oil, making the subsequent vapor-phase operation easier to handle at temperatures as high as 800 °C with no severe operational impediments. The quantitative 1H and 13C NMR studies shed light on the enhanced features of the thermally treated feedstock toward lighter and more valuable products. As a result, remarkable olefin production (74.7 or 55.1 wt % light olefins based on the upgraded or the original feedstock) was accomplished in this two-step process. The process could be alternatively stopped at the first stage for maximum liquid fuels (69.3 wt %) with gasoline as the larger constituent. The detailed kinetic investigations of the thermal decomposition of the feedstock using several reliable approaches revealed that the activation energy predictions (42.3–272.9 kJ/mol) by the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method almost perfectly matched the trend of a reference Starink model over the whole range of conversion. All model-free methods correlated with a coefficient of determination above 97.9%. Avrami’s theory was further applied to determine the reaction order, and the values were slightly smaller than those from a five-lump kinetic model of the semibatch operation. However, the apparent activation barrier in the reactor was in good correspondence with the range from the microscale nonisothermal decomposition.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Step Thermal Cracking of an Extra-Heavy Fuel Oil: Experimental Evaluation, Characterization, and Kinetics

Ghashghaee

Shirvani

2018

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Several average structural indices can also be calculated from the group concentrations. The ratio of carbon in long paraffin chains to the carbon in the terminal methyl groups provides an estimate of the mean length of side chains (Netzel et al, 1981). The condensation of aromatic rings is an important consideration in processing these oils; the larger and more condensed these groups, the harder they are to hydrogenate, desulfurize, denitrogenate, and crack.…”

Section: Characterization Of Feedstocks Of Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between chemical structure and reactivity of alberta bitumens and heavy oils

Gray¹,

Jokuty²,

Yeniova³

et al. 1991

Can J Chem Eng

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Long residues (424°C +) from Athabasca, Cold Lake, Lloydminster, and Peace River were hydrocracked over a commercial NilMo on y‐alumina catalyst at 430°C, 13.9 MPa (2000 psia). The conversion of residue fraction ranged from 55 to 68%, and was correlated with the concentration of carbon bound to aromatic rings in the feeds. Conversions of sulfur, Micro‐Carbon Residue, and metals were all highest for Peace River feed, following the same ranking as residue conversion. Estimates for the breakage of carbon‐carbon bonds and the uptake of hydrogen were diagnostic in interpreting the reactor performance.

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“…Since the publication of the U.S. Bureau of Mines compendium on the composition of shale oil naphtha, several additional studies on properties of shale oil from different retorting processes have been published [18][19][20][21][22]261. These studies have been aimed mostly at the comparison of various shale oils and retorting technologies from the standpoint of product yield and refining requirements, and the development of analytical methods for product characterization.…”

Section: Naphthamentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of physical and chemical characteristics of shale oil fuels and analogous petroleum products

Ghassemi¹,

Panahloo²,

Quinlivan³

1984

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The available data on the physical and chemical characteristics of crude and hydrotreated shale oil and for shale‐derived naphtha, jet fuel, diesel fuel and residual fuel are reviewed and compared with similar data for analogous petroleum products. The databases for shale oil and petroleum are very diverse and have been generated by numerous investigators using a range of analytical procedures and test samples of various origins, including different raw material sources, processing scales and operating conditions. For both petroleum and shale oil, the detailed compositional data primarily relate to lighter “cuts.” Similar data for heavier cuts generally have not been obtained because of the very complex and variable nature of these products and the questionable utility of the results from the standpoint of refinery applications, and because properties of the individual compounds (especially from the standpoint of biological activity) may not be directly additive. Based on the data reviewed and the consideration of raw material chemistry and nature of the refining operation, it appears that the differences between shale oil and petroleum products are generally a matter of degree rather than kind, with the degree of similarity increasing with the extent of refining.

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1H- and 13C-n.m.r. studies on naphtha and light distillate saturate hydrocarbon fractions obtained from in-situ shale oil

Cited by 74 publications

References 33 publications

Two-Step Thermal Cracking of an Extra-Heavy Fuel Oil: Experimental Evaluation, Characterization, and Kinetics

Two-Step Thermal Cracking of an Extra-Heavy Fuel Oil: Experimental Evaluation, Characterization, and Kinetics

The relationship between chemical structure and reactivity of alberta bitumens and heavy oils

Comparison of physical and chemical characteristics of shale oil fuels and analogous petroleum products

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