2×2 silicon integrated optical phased array for beam steering applications

A Review and Perspective on Optical Phased Array for Automotive LiDAR

“…d), the larger the aperture size the narrower is the beam. However, increasing the aperture size while maintaining the same number of antenna elements results in augmented element spacing and reduction of the lateral FoV, therefore there is a design trade-off to optimize these values [120]. Conversely, the closer the waveguides (i.e.…”

High-Speed Plasmonic Electro-Optic Beam Deflectors

“…As an important optical element in photonic network systems, reconfigurable optical beam deflectors allow active control over the shape and direction of radiation. Traditional beam steering approaches such as those employing microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirrors rely on mechanical movement and have therefore limited scanning speed (approximately a few microseconds), are bulky, consume much energy and are vulnerable in harsh environments. − Noninertial beam steering realized by optical phased arrays (OPA) offer a path to reducing the component size and device vulnerability. − Resembling its radiofrequency counterpart, they consist of an array of coherent electromagnetic emitters. Functional phased-array metasurfaces constitute a prominent example of assembling individual emitters with well-defined phase difference. − While active tuning remains challenging due to the limited interaction between the optical field and external stimuli, waveguide-based OPAs allow more efficient tuning.…”

“…Traditional beam steering approaches such as those employing microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirrors rely on mechanical movement and have therefore limited scanning speed (≈ few μs), are bulky, consume much energy and are vulnerable in harsh environments [11][12][13][14]. Non-inertial beam steering realized by optical phased arrays (OPA) offer a path to reducing the component size and device vulnerability [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Resembling its radiofrequency counterpart, they consist of an array of coherent electromagnetic emitters.…”