2,4-D Rate Response, Absorption, and Translocation of Two Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) Populations

Abstract

Ground ivy is a stoloniferous, perennial weed that persists in lawn turf. With the widespread use of 2,4-D on turf sites, the development of 2,4-D–tolerant ground ivy is a possibility. Ground ivy populations showed a highly variable response to foliar 2,4-D application. Ground ivy from Nebraska (NE) was tolerant to 2,4-D, whereas Ohio (OH) ground ivy was susceptible. The 2,4-D–susceptible OH population absorbed 37% more foliar-applied14C–2,4-D than the 2,4-D–tolerant NE population. Although OH and NE populations total translocation of applied14C was similar and averaged 5%, the OH population translocated 42% more toward the apical meristem of the primary stolon than the NE population, primarily because of the OH population's higher14C–2,4-D absorption. The variation in response to 2,4-D found between these two populations occurred after exposure of roots to 2,4-D, but the effect was less pronounced. These results suggest that the difference in foliar uptake may partially contribute to differences in response to 2,4-D between these two populations. Likewise, differences in acropetal translocation may contribute to the differential sensitivity of 2,4-D–tolerant and –susceptible ground ivy populations.

Molecular and physiological characterization of six‐way resistance in an Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis biotype from Missouri

“…Non‐target site resistance mechanism(s) such as reduced absorption and/or translocation have been previously reported to confer 2,4‐ D resistance in multiple species . Therefore, we conducted experiments to determine differences in absorption and translocation of 2,4‐ D in plants of MO‐Ren and MO‐S biotypes.…”

Metabolism of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid contributes to resistance in a common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) population

“…Previously, a similar amount of total 2,4‐D absorption and translocation was reported in leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula ) and cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) . However, in 2,4‐D‐susceptible ground ivy ( Glechoma hederacea ), 37% more 2,4‐D was absorbed than in resistant plants . In a jimsonweed ( Datura stramonium ) population susceptible to 2,4‐D, about 70% of the absorbed 2,4‐D was translocated within the plant .…”

“…38,39 However, in 2,4-D-susceptible ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea), 37% more 2,4-D was absorbed than in resistant plants. 40 In a jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) population susceptible to 2,4-D, about 70% of the absorbed 2,4-D was translocated within the plant. 41 Reduced [(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid] (MCPA) (a phenoxy herbicide) translocation was found in resistant hemp-nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit) compared with susceptible plants.…”

Mowing Before or After an Herbicide Application Does Not Influence Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea ) Control

“…Cultural practices such as increasing the mowing height and increasing annual nitrogen applications have been observed to discourage the establishment and spread of broadleaf weeds (i.e., ground ivy); however, they do not provide complete control (Dernoeden et al, 1993; Kohler et al, 2004b). Ground ivy is difficult to control with herbicides due to rapid reestablishment from stolons and limited basipetal movement of photosynthates, which reduces herbicide translocation in the plant (Birch and Hutchings, 1994; Kohler at al., 2004a).…”