2-Dopyl-1,4-di(2-dopylpropanoyl)benzene, an effective phosphorus flame retardant

Howell, Bob A.; Alrubayyi, Aeshah

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.017

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Additive molecules of particular size and shape may lead to reinforcement effects reflected by an increase in Tg 40,41 . This phenomenon has recently been observed for isosorbide derivatives and other additives of rigid structure 23,24,28 . The thermal degradation of the blends is depicted in Figure 7.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…However, no major impacts on health have been noted, and, as yet, no regulations of the maximum levels allowable in food have been promulgated anywhere in the world 19 . Organophosphorus flame retardants derived from renewable biomaterials are particularly attractive 20‐28 . Precursors are generally nontoxic, often biodegradable, annually available at modest cost, and independent of changes in petrochemical markets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phosphorus esters of1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethene as effective flame retardants for polymeric materials

Howell

Lienhart

2020

Fire and Materials

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Summary 1‐Dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethene has been converted to phosphorus diesters, 1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐diphenylphosphatophenyl)ethene (BDE‐DPP), and 1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐dopyloxyphenyl)ethene (BDE‐DOPO) which have been fully characterized using spectroscopic and thermal methods and assessed as flame retardants in DGEBA epoxy (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A). Both are effective flame retardants. The ester containing diphenylphosphato groups (BDE‐DPP) acts primarily in the condensed phase while that containing only dopyl units acts predominately in the gas phase. DGEBA epoxy containing sufficient 1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐dopyloxyphenyl)ethene to provide 2% phosphorus displays a limiting oxygen index of 28, a peak heat release rate of 506 W/g, and a total heat release of 24 kJ/g.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus esters of1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethene as effective flame retardants for polymeric materials

Howell

Lienhart

2020

Fire and Materials

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“…25 This is particularly the case for effective new, nontoxic, environmentally friendly flame retardants. 24,[26][27][28][29] Most of these are organophosphorus compounds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame‐retardant compounds for polymeric materials from an abundantly available, renewable biosource, castor oil

Howell

Ostrander

2019

Fire and Materials

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Summary Castor oil is a triglyceride extracted from the seed (castor bean) of the castor plant. This plant will thrive on relatively poor soil and in an arid climate. The oil is nonedible but is produced annually in large volume to be converted to biodiesel (largely for the European market). The oil contains both unsaturation and hydroxyl functionality that may be utilized for conversion to flame retarding materials. A series of phosphorus esters has been generated from castor oil. All display good flame retardancy in the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin. Introduction of bromine at the double bond generally enhances the flame retardancy of these esters.

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“…Hence, imparting flame retardancy to polymer materials is an important way to solve the fire accident . Currently, P ‐ and N ‐containing groups become preferential selection . While burning, P ‐ and N ‐containing groups can achieve a synergistic flame‐retardant purpose through forming the dense carbon layer in the condensed phases and releasing nonflammable gases in the gaseous phase .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of ZIF‐8@Polyphosphazene core‐shell structure and its efficient synergism with ammonium polyphosphate in flame‐retarding epoxy resin

Zeng

Yang

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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A novel zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanoparticles@polyphosphazene (PZN) core-shell architecture was synthesized, and then, ZIF-8@PZN and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were applied for increasing the flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin (EP) through a cooperative effect. Herein, ZIF-8 was used as the core; the shell of PZN was coated to ZIF-8 nanoparticles via a polycondensation method. The well-designed ZIF-8@PZN displayed superior fire retardancy and smoke suppression effect. The synthesized ZIF-8@PZN observably raised the flame retardancy of EP composites, which could be demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The chemical structure of ZIF-8@PZN was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared with pure epoxy, with the incorporation of 3 wt% ZIF-8@PZN and 18 wt% APP into the EP, along with 80.8%, 72.6%, and 64.7% decreased in the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the peak smoke production rate (pSPR), and the peak CO production rate (pCOPR), respectively. These suggested that ZIF-8@PZN and APP generated an intumescent char layer, and ZIF-8@PZN can strengthen the char layer, resulting in the enhancement in the flame resistance of EP. K E Y W O R D S epoxy resin, flame retardancy, mechanical properties, polyphosphazene, ZIF-8

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2-Dopyl-1,4-di(2-dopylpropanoyl)benzene, an effective phosphorus flame retardant

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Phosphorus esters of1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethene as effective flame retardants for polymeric materials

Phosphorus esters of1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethene as effective flame retardants for polymeric materials

Flame‐retardant compounds for polymeric materials from an abundantly available, renewable biosource, castor oil

Fabrication of ZIF‐8@Polyphosphazene core‐shell structure and its efficient synergism with ammonium polyphosphate in flame‐retarding epoxy resin

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