“…Also, governmental and academic assessments of the potential for new industries to provide grid services appear to be inconsistent. A number of studies have evaluated the resources in the industrial sector to provide grid services; some include wastewater treatment (but not water treatment) and some do not include the water industry (Goli et al 2011;Starke, Alkadi, and Ma 2013). This is also true of studies looking at the water-energy nexus.…”