2020 Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation—Remote sensing satellite compendium

The evidentiary challenges of using satellite technologies to enforce ship-source marine pollution standards on the high seas

“…From the technical perspective, satellite remote sensing refers to the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring the reflection of energy (i.e., electromagnetic, and light) from space [ 15 ]. As all things on Earth either reflect, absorb, or transmit energy, sensors abroad satellites are able to collect and translate subtle changes in the energy signal to generate a wealth of data about Earth systems and features [ 16 , 17 ]. Most importantly, by applying interpretation techniques to extract meaningful information from various combinations of recording methods, satellite remote sensing is able to produce important forms of data evidence [ 18 ].…”

“…Such data can therefore, be utilized as evidence documenting the environmental status and conditions of a certain geographical region. For example, satellite technologies, such as the Orbita Video Satellite series developed by China's Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Company and France's Pleiades-1 can provide high-resolution imagery and video, enabling a detailed visual representation of the Earth's surface and effectively highlighting the environmental conditions and potential pollution sources [ 17 ]. The latter Pleiades-1 can also be used to trace illegal deforestation and the detection of water contamination [ 21 ].…”

“…The latter Pleiades-1 can also be used to trace illegal deforestation and the detection of water contamination [ 21 ]. Elsewhere, satellites like NASA's Landsat-8 and Europe's Copernicus Sentinel-2 have also been used by their respective governments to assist in environmental monitoring activities on land [ 17 , 18 , 22 , 23 ]. In addition to visual images, satellite systems can also generate other types of images such as infrared, multispectral, and hyperspectral images, which can also be used in the environmental context.…”

Comparing the machine learning and empirical algorithms on remote sensing estimates water quality parameters of constructed wetland

“…These conditions pose challenges to accurately evaluating the purification effect of wetlands. Remote sensing satellites that are now publicly free available have both high time-frequency and high spatial resolution, i.e., Sentinel-2 A/B double satellites combination have a 5-day revisit period and a spatial resolution of 10m [2]. Satellite monitoring of water quality can achieve low-cost, high spatial and temporal resolution monitoring, but the larger error is its weakness [3].…”