2021 Update on Diagnostic Markers and Translocation in Salivary Gland Tumors

Abstract

Salivary gland tumors are a rare tumor entity within malignant tumors of all tissues. The most common are malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most recurrent form of benign salivary gland tumor. Due to their low incidence rates and complex histological patterns, they are difficult to diagnose accurately. Malignant tumors of the salivary glands are challenging in terms of differentiation because of their variability in histochemistry and translocations. Therefore, the primary goal of the study was to review the current literature to identify the recent developments in histochemical diagnostics and translocations for differentiating salivary gland tumors.

Cutaneous Melanomas: A Single Center Experience on the Usage of Immunohistochemistry Applied for the Diagnosis

“…S100 is probably the most historically known and commonly used melanocytic differentiation marker in surgical pathology laboratories, with it being expressed in almost all cN and cM (as well as desmoplastic cM) [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Its sensitivity ranges between 93% and 100% in the published series, with a characteristic staining pattern in both the nucleus and cell cytoplasm; however, S100 is not highly specific, with it also being expressed by several soft tissue tumors (nerve sheath tumors, adipocytic tumors, chondroid tumors, notochordal tumors, and many others), hematopoietic disorders (Langerhans cell histiocytosis), and others tumors (glial tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, myoepithelial carcinoma, and other salivary gland tumors) [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. For this reason, we always recommend using S100 in conjunction with other melanocytic (HMB-45 and MART-1) and case-by-case selected immunohistochemical markers, in specific diagnostic settings (metastasis of unknown primary cutaneous tumors with undifferentiated morphology).…”

An organoid library of salivary gland tumors reveals subtype-specific characteristics and biomarkers

“…SGTs are a big group of rare tumors, including 11 benign and 23 malignant entities of epithelial origin, and only 2-5% of non-epithelial tumors [32]. The heterogeneous and overlapping features among the subtypes make it di cult for pathological diagnosis.…”

Ratiometric fluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on carbon dots@SiO2@CdTe quantum dots with dual functionalities for alpha-fetoprotein

“…Tumor biomarkers, such as alpha-fetoprotein, prostate-specific antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen, refer to substances that exist in malignant tumor cells or are produced abnormally by malignant tumor cells or are produced by the host's stimulation response to tumors, can reflect the occurrence and development of tumors, and monitor the response of tumors to treatment. 1,2 Tumor markers exist in the tissue, body fluid, and dropping of tumor patients, and can be detected through immunological, biological, and chemical methods. 3 Therefore, sensitivity and accuracy evaluation of the biomarker's concentration is advantageous for monitoring the curative effect of operation, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, tumor recurrence, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and staging of tumors.…”