22 μW, 5.1 ps LSB, 5.5 ps RMS jitter Vernier time‐to‐digital converter in CMOS 65 nm for single photon avalanche diode array

Nolet, F.; Roy, N.; Carrier, Simon; Bouchard, Jean; Fontaine, R.; Charlebois, Serge A.; Pratte, J.‐F.

doi:10.1049/el.2019.4105

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Recent developments in PET instrumentation include very fast SiPM [10] that can be read out by sub-10-ps time-todigital converters (TDCs) [11]. These advances have a high technological readiness level, meaning that they will soon be deployable in an industrial scale.…”

Section: B Pet Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metascintillators for Ultrafast Gamma Detectors: A Review of Current State and Future Perspectives

Konstantinou¹,

Lecoq

Benlloch

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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Scintillation detector development is an active field of research, especially for its application to the medical imaging field and in particular to the positron emission tomography (PET). Effective sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio in PET are greatly enhanced when improving detector timing capabilities: the availability to provide time-of-flight (TOF) information. However, physical barriers related to the characteristics of available organic and inorganic scintillators create a tradeoff between photon kinetics and gamma detection efficiency. We introduce the novel concept of metascintillators, composite topologies comprising of multiple scintillating and light-guiding materials functioning in synergy, that break this compromise. We provide an overview of published, ongoing and upcoming developments within this framework. Unconventional topologies, such as the multiple slabs approach comprising of a high-Z host and a fast emitter; materials such as CdSe/CdS nanoplatelets; and treatments related to nanostructured metamaterials and photonic interactions, are reviewed and complemented with new, unpublished advances in simulations and analysis. Future perspectives are further presented, encompassing developments in signal analysis and system integration. Within this concept, an improved generation of detectors and PET scanners with unprecedented time resolution is researched, paving the way toward the 10-ps TOF PET challenge for the advancement of PET and improvement of public health.

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Section: B Pet Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metascintillators for Ultrafast Gamma Detectors: A Review of Current State and Future Perspectives

Konstantinou¹,

Lecoq

Benlloch

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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“…It has an excellent energy and position resolution and PID capabilities (5D calorimeter). The scintillation and the Čerenkov lights are read out by on-tile SiPMs [139] or SPAD [140][141][142][143][144][145]. The SPAD timing resolution (15 ps), based on Single-Photon Avalanche Diode arrays, can be exploited for ToF measurements and as input to the Level-0 trigger.…”

Section: Accelerated Particles: Protonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics Opportunities for the Fermilab Booster Replacement

Arrington¹,

Barrow²,

Batell³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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This white paper presents opportunities afforded by the Fermilab Booster Replacement and its various options. Its goal is to inform the design process of the Booster Replacement about the accelerator needs of the various options, allowing the design to be versatile and enable, or leave the door open to, as many options as possible. The physics themes covered by the paper include searches for dark sectors and new opportunities with muons.

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“…The selection of the CMOS process should take into account the SPAD characteristics, such as the bias excess voltage the front-end electronics will need to quench, the size of the SPAD wafers to match with the CMOS wafers for 3D integration, the SPAD size constraining the size of front-end electronics for each SPAD, the complexity of the desired digital signal processing embedded in the ASIC, the cost and the availability of MPW runs. For instance, in the specific case of ToF-PET imaging, a TDC with sub-10 ps FWHM is desirable and points toward more advanced CMOS processes [ 48 , 129 , 132 , 133 ]. In the case of noble liquid detectors, very large area must be covered with maximum fill-factor and minimal power consumption to prevent boiling and convection of the noble liquid [ 12 , 66 ].…”

Section: Perspective Of 3d Pdc For Radiation Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In theory, one TDC per SPAD-QC seems the best choice since it allows for correction of the timing skew of each pixel of a SPAD-QC-TDC. However, it comes with many challenges such as limited area (<

) and power consumption per TDC (< 100

W) [ 133 , 145 ].…”

Section: Perspective Of 3d Pdc For Radiation Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the prevalent architectures to reach both a small area and a small LSB is the single stage Vernier architecture [ 146 , 147 ]; however, work is still required to reach the 4 combined key parameters. For example, Vernier ring oscillator TDCs can achieve low area (<

) and low power consumption (< 22

W) with a

ps LSB, providing a timing jitter of about 13 ps FWHM [ 133 , 145 ]. The same architecture is implemented in an array of 256 TDCs per 1

to achieve a one-to-one coupling and the resulting timing jitter for the whole array is about 40 ps FWHM (18 ps RMS).…”

Section: Perspective Of 3d Pdc For Radiation Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

Pratte

Nolet

Parent

et al. 2021

Sensors

Self Cite

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Analog and digital SiPMs have revolutionized the field of radiation instrumentation by replacing both avalanche photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes in many applications. However, multiple applications require greater performance than the current SiPMs are capable of, for example timing resolution for time-of-flight positron emission tomography and time-of-flight computed tomography, and mitigation of the large output capacitance of SiPM array for large-scale time projection chambers for liquid argon and liquid xenon experiments. In this contribution, the case will be made that 3D photon-to-digital converters, also known as 3D digital SiPMs, have a potentially superior performance over analog and 2D digital SiPMs. A review of 3D photon-to-digital converters is presented along with various applications where they can make a difference, such as time-of-flight medical imaging systems and low-background experiments in noble liquids. Finally, a review of the key design choices that must be made to obtain an optimized 3D photon-to-digital converter for radiation instrumentation, more specifically the single-photon avalanche diode array, the CMOS technology, the quenching circuit, the time-to-digital converter, the digital signal processing and the system level integration, are discussed in detail.

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22 μW, 5.1 ps LSB, 5.5 ps RMS jitter Vernier time‐to‐digital converter in CMOS 65 nm for single photon avalanche diode array

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Metascintillators for Ultrafast Gamma Detectors: A Review of Current State and Future Perspectives

Metascintillators for Ultrafast Gamma Detectors: A Review of Current State and Future Perspectives

Physics Opportunities for the Fermilab Booster Replacement

3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

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