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Abstract

In a sample of 585 children assessed in kindergarten through 8th grade, we fit a confirmatory factor model to both mother- and teacher-reported symptoms on the Achenbach checklists (CBCL, TRF) and determined that a covariation factor of externalizing and internalizing behaviors existed, in addition to the pure-form factors of externalizing and internalizing for each reporter. In 3 structural equation models, between 8 and 67% of the variance in these 6 latent factors was accounted for by a set of antecedent child, sociocultural, parenting, and peer risk variables. Each of the 6 latent factors, taken 2 at a time, was predicted by a unique set of risk variables; however, there were some patterns that held for both mother- and teacher-report symptom factors: Child temperamental unadaptability and female gender were predictors of higher internalizing symptoms; child temperamental resistance to control, parental harsh punishment, male gender, low SES, and peer rejection were related to higher externalizing symptoms whereas child temperamental unadaptability was related to lower externalizing symptoms; and peer rejection and family stress were also related to the covarying, externalizing-plus-internalizing component of both mother and teacher reports.

Developmental Trajectories of Perceived Friendship Intimacy, Constructive Problem Solving, and Depression from Early to Late Adolescence

“…Although depression has been shown to increase from early adolescence until adulthood for girls (e.g., Galambos et al 2003), in the current study, depression slightly increased from age 12 to around age 17, followed by a decrease from age 17 to 20. This is consistent with findings showing that internalizing problem shows a curvilinear shape across adolescence (Keiley et al 2003;Lansford et al 2006). For boys, depression decreased from early to late adolescence, which is consistent with previous findings.…”

What Happened? Exploring the Relation between Traumatic Stress and Provisional Mental Health Diagnoses for Children and Youth

“…Our findings indicated that girls were more likely to have a provisional diagnosis of mood, sleep, or anxiety disorder; whereas, boys were more likely to carry a provisional diagnosis of ADHD. This finding is a replication of previous research suggesting that young boys are far more likely to receive diagnoses along the externalizing spectrum; whereas, girls are more likely to receive diagnoses of internalizing disorders (e.g., Achenbach, Howell, Quay, Conners, & Bates, 1991;Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1994;Keiley et al, 2003). Importantly, there are many shared behaviors between various mental health disorders and potential reactions to traumatic events.…”

“…Psychology Sex differences are also important to consider when looking at diagnoses in childhood. The extant research evidence suggests that girls are more likely to show symptoms of internalizing disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression) and boys more likely to exhibit behaviours indicative of externalizing disorders (e.g., ADHD, conduct disorder) (Achenbach, Howell, Quay, Conners, & Bates, 1991;Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1994;Keiley et al, 2003). As such, the current study also considered sex differences while exploring the relation between traumatic stress and childhood mental health disorders.…”

Severe physical punishment: risk of mental health problems for poor urban children in Brazil

“…23,24 Girls show higher mean levels of internalizing symptoms than boys, as well as sharper increases in internalizing symptoms from childhood to adolescence. 25,26 Maternal employment may have a negative effect on an adolescent's mental health if employment leads to deficient parenting practices. 27 In the poor urban community where our study was conducted, women are usually overloaded with activities and obligations at home and outside and are frequently the main financial provider in the family.…”