Mode-locked lasers emitting a train of femtosecond pulses called dissipative solitons are an enabling technology for metrology, high-resolution spectroscopy, fibre optic communications, nano-optics and many other fields of science and applications. Recently, the vector nature of dissipative solitons has been exploited to demonstrate mode locked lasing with both locked and rapidly evolving states of polarisation. Here, for an erbium-doped fibre laser mode locked with carbon nanotubes, we demonstrate the first experimental and theoretical evidence of a new class of slowly evolving vector solitons characterized by a double-scroll chaotic polarisation attractor substantially different from Lorenz, Rö ssler and Ikeda strange attractors. The underlying physics comprises a long time scale coherent coupling of two polarisation modes. The observed phenomena, apart from the fundamental interest, provide a base for advances in secure communications, trapping and manipulation of atoms and nanoparticles, control of magnetisation in data storage devices and many other areas. Light: Science & Applications (2014) 3, e131; doi:10.1038/lsa.2014.12; published online 17 January 2014Keywords: chaos; mode-locked laser; polarisation phenomena; vector soliton INTRODUCTION Vector solitons (VSs) in mode-locked lasers comprise a train of stabilized short pulses (dissipative solitons 1-13 ) with the specific shape defined by a complex interplay and balance between the effects of gain/ loss, dispersion and nonlinearity. The state of polarisation (SOP) of the solitons either rotates with a period of a few round trips or is locked. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The stability of VSs at the different time scales from femtosecond to microseconds is an important issue to be addressed for increased resolution in metrology, 14 spectroscopy 15 and suppressed phase noise in high speed fibre optic communication. 16 In addition, there is considerable interest in achieving high flexibility in the generation and control of dynamic SOPs in the context of trapping and manipulation of atoms and nanoparticles, 17-19 control of magnetisation 20 and secure communications. 21 The stability and evolution of VSs at a time interval from a few to thousands of cavity round trips is defined by asymptotic states (attractors) which the laser SOP approaches at a long time scale, viz. fixed point, periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic dynamics. Soto-Crespo and Akhmediev 1,2 predicted theoretically based on the Ginzburg-Landau scalar model that dissipative solitons can generate strange attractors at the time scale of thousands of cavity round trips. Quantitative characterisation of strange attractors is usually based on the determination of geometric properties such as the fractal dimensionality, entropy and Lyapunov exponents. [22][23][24][25][26] For experimental data obtained in the form of a one-dimensional waveform (output power vs. time), such analysis requires the accumulation of a large amount of low noise data that is very difficult to achieve in systems where...