28 GHz Switched-Beam Antenna Based on S-PIN Diodes for 5G Mobile Communications

Yashchyshyn, Yevhen; Derzakowski, K.; Bogdan, Grzegorz; Godziszewski, Konrad; Nyzovets, Denys; Kim, Cheol Ho; Park, Bonghyuk

doi:10.1109/lawp.2017.2781262

Cited by 82 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Generally, such FSS structures are scalable and higher frequency operation can also be achieved using the proof-of-concept module given in [72]. A positive-intrinsicnegative (p-i-n) diode-based beam switching system operating at 28 GHz is elaborated in [73] that can be used as a fixed beamformer. The maximum beam tilt achieved is shown to be around 45 .…”

Section: Mmwave Radio Signals Have Propagation Characteristics Such Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Beamformer development challenges for 5G and beyond

Abbasi

Fusco

2020

Antennas and Propagation for 5G and Beyond

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Antenna's beamforming technology [1] is vital in the utilization of the microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands for the fifth-generation (5G) communication technology, and beyond, applications that include the sixth generation (6G), Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 [2,3]. Antenna beamforming can be defined as the ability of an antenna array to steer the maximum radiation toward a prescribed direction, or, conversely, the ability of the antenna array to estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of an impinging signal. Beamforming is generally achieved by using multiple antennas, spatially colocated to either function as an independent radiator or as a unit cell in larger array arrangements. Recently, the term multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) has been used in conjugation with the beamforming technology since it also involves multiple antenna systems, thus linking it to the beamforming technology [4]. When the number of antennas used in the MIMO operation becomes very large, it is generally termed massive MIMO technology [5]. Different beamforming concepts are used for the two frequency spectrum classifications in cellular technology, i.e., sub-6 GHz and mmWave. The majority of beamformer challenges at sub-6 GHz are already resolved, and prototypes are now available [6]; however, there are still major fundamental challenges that engineers face while developing beamformers for use in the mmWave bands, i.e., >28 GHz. Challenges include, but are not limited to, high path loss, power generation, adaption to account for realistic channel estimation, hardware impairments, energy leakage in circuits, high development cost, spatial-temporal channel variations, signal blockages due to the presence of obstacles such as beamformer casing, user body and hand. Also, multiuser MIMO techniques are not easily implementable in mmWave frequencies. In addition to this, beam coordination at transmitter and receiver antenna systems especially in mmWave spectrum is very challenging. In this chapter, we will first classify the beamformers based on the system architecture, operational frequency

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Section: Mmwave Radio Signals Have Propagation Characteristics Such Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Beamformer development challenges for 5G and beyond

Abbasi

Fusco

2020

Antennas and Propagation for 5G and Beyond

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“…The designs of three-dimensional (3D) switchable antenna array are introduced in [8] and [9] to enlarge the spherical coverage. A hybrid antenna module concept is introduced in [10] for the 5G mobile handset, and beam switch antenna designs are introduced in [12] and [13] to realize beam steering over large solid angles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spherical Coverage Characterization of 5G Millimeter Wave User Equipment With 3GPP Specifications

Zhao

Zhang

Ho³

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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Millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands are promising candidate spectrum for the fifthgeneration (5G) mobile communication system, but it requires high directional antenna systems to be applied to the base station and the user equipment (UE) for compensating the high path loss. Due to the randomness of mobile wireless channels, antenna systems in a mobile UE must own a large spherical coverage, which raises new challenges for the performance characterization of 5G mmWave UEs. In the latest specification of the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the requirement on UE's spherical coverage in mmWave frequencies is defined, which is evaluated with the cumulative distribution function of the effective isotropic radiated power. In this paper, the spherical coverage of mmWave UEs is characterized based on the specification of 3GPP, where the impact of device integration, antenna topologies, and user body blockage on the spherical coverage of UE will be analyzed with simulation and measurement results.

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“…This technique can be applied between the antenna elements with the implementation of stubs [18], electronic band gap [27], defected ground structure [28], and complementary split ring resonator [29]. In order to reduce interference, the antenna array should have high directivity beam steering [13]; thus, the previous works on phased-array antennas have been reviewed in References [8,30,31,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Graphene Antenna Properties for 5G Applications

Sa'don

Jamaluddin

Kamarudin

et al. 2019

Sensors

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The incoming 5G technology requires antennas with a greater capacity, wider wireless spectrum utilisation, high gain, and steer-ability. This is due to the cramped spectrum utilisation in the previous generation. As a matter of fact, conventional antennas are unable to serve the new frequency due to the limitations in fabrication and installation mainly for smaller sizes. The use of graphene material promises antennas with smaller sizes and thinner dimensions, yet capable of emitting higher frequencies. Hence, graphene antennas were studied at a frequency of 15 GHz in both single and array elements. The high-frequency antenna contributed to a large bandwidth and was excited by coplanar waveguide for easy fabrication on one surface via screen printing. The defected ground structure was applied in an array element to improve the radiation and increase the gain. The results showed that the printed, single element graphene antenna produced an impedance bandwidth, gain, and efficiency of 48.64%, 2.87 dBi, and 67.44%, respectively. Meanwhile, the array element produced slightly better efficiency (72.98%), approximately the same impedance bandwidth as the single element (48.98%), but higher gain (8.41 dBi). Moreover, it provided a beam width of 21.2° with scanning beam capability from 0° up to 39.05°. Thus, it was proved that graphene materials can be applied in 5G.

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28 GHz Switched-Beam Antenna Based on S-PIN Diodes for 5G Mobile Communications

Cited by 82 publications

References 11 publications

Beamformer development challenges for 5G and beyond

Beamformer development challenges for 5G and beyond

Spherical Coverage Characterization of 5G Millimeter Wave User Equipment With 3GPP Specifications

Analysis of Graphene Antenna Properties for 5G Applications

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