2D and 3D electrospinning technologies for the fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering: A review

Abstract

This review provides insights into the current advancements in the field of electrospinning, focusing on its applications for skin tissue engineering. Furthermore, it reports the evolvement and present challenges of advanced skin substitute product development and explores the recent contributions in 2D and 3D scaffolding, focusing on natural, synthetic, and composite nanomaterials. In the past decades, nanotechnology has arisen as a fascinating discipline that has influenced every aspect of science, engineering, and medicine. Electrospinning is a versatile fabrication method that allows researchers to elicit and explore many of the current challenges faced by tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In skin tissue engineering, electrospun nanofibers are particularly attractive due to their refined morphology, processing flexibility—that allows for the formation of unique materials and structures, and its extracellular matrix‐like biomimetic architecture. These allow for electrospun nanofibers to promote improved re‐epithelization and neo‐tissue formation of wounds. Advancements in the use of portable electrospinning equipment and the employment of electrospinning for transdermal drug delivery and melanoma treatment are additionally explored. Present trends and issues are critically discussed based on recently published patents, clinical trials, and in vivo studies. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants

Nano- and Microfiber PVB Patches as Natural Oil Carriers for Atopic Skin Treatment

“… 11 , 12 The increased surface area of nanofibers gives them unique abilities for increased release of treating substances compared to the standard bandages. 13 , 14 Electrospinning can produce fibers at the nano- to microscale, 15 with random or aligned orientation 16 and a smooth or porous surface structure through alteration of processing parameters, 17 which allows for the control of membrane porosity and pore size, 18 , 19 both of which are important in transdermal patch applications. Within this study, we aim to take advantage of electrospun membrane porosity to capture oil droplets between fibers for the moisturizing effect on dry skin.…”

Utilization of Carbon Nanotubes in Manufacturing of 3D Cartilage and Bone Scaffolds

“…One of the very first methods utilized is electrospinning. Electrostatic charge is applied to the polymer in liquid form, which is extruded through a small jet, resulting in the nanofibers which are deposited on the metallic collector [ 113 ]. Conventional electrospun fibers can be aligned randomly or in the vertically aligned fashion, creating a tightly packed, 2D mesh which is similar to native ECM of some tissues, e.g., skin [ 114 ].…”

Nanoengineered electrospun fibers and their biomedical applications: a review

“…Recently, also electrospun fibers exhibiting shape memory behaviors were reported, which could potentially produce 'smart' scaffolds [196,197]. Moreover, electrospun fiber scaffolds with 3D geometries were produced in addition to 2D geometries, which increased the complexity of the scaffolds [20,198]. Porous 3D nanofiber meshes were prepared by electrospinning PCL nanofibers onto a stainless steel mesh as the collector.…”

“…In addition, electrospinning is able to produce continuous fibers, which are difficult to realize via other bottom-up methods. Electrospun fibers have been widely reported for applications in areas like sensors, composites, filtration, decontamination, energy storage, catalysis [13][14][15], but have received particular interest from the biomedical field for applications in wound dressing, drug delivery or tissue engineering [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Since its first development in the 1930s, electrospinning has become a convenient and easy way to produce micro-or nano-scale fibers, with over three thousand papers on electrospinning-related topics published every year since 2015 (see Figure 1).…”