2D Elemental Nanomaterials Beyond Graphene

Vishnoi, Pratap; Pramoda, K.; Rao, C. N. R.

doi:10.1002/cnma.201900176

Cited by 77 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 343 publications

(398 reference statements)

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“…The groundbreaking research on graphene [ 1 ] has ignited intense interest in various 2D elemental nanomaterials. [ 2 −9] These materials include group 14 monoelemental graphene analogs known as silicene and germanene. Similar to graphene, they are 2D materials arranged in a honeycomb structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 13 ] In addition, silicene and germanene are mainly synthesized on substrates due to lack of thermodynamic stability. [ 2,14 ] Hence, various modifications of silicene and germanene have been carried out to improve their stability and increase their bandgaps. Several modified silicene and germanene analogs were reported, e.g., siloxene (Si 6 H 3 (OH) 3 ), germanane (Ge 6 H 6 ), or methylgermanane (Ge 6 (CH 3 ) 6 ) ( Scheme ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Siloxene, Germanane, and Methylgermanane: Functionalized 2D Materials of Group 14 for Electrochemical Applications

Rosli

Rohaizad

Šturala

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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(1 of 11)2D monoelemental group 14 materials beyond graphene, such as silicene and germanene, have recently gained a lot of attention. Covalent functionalization of group 14 layered materials can lead to significant tuning of their properties. While optical and electronic properties of germanene, silicene, and their derivatives have been studied in detail previously, there is no information on their electrochemistry and toxicity. Herein, electrochemical applications of 2D siloxene, germanane, and methylgermanane, specifically for detection of an important biomarker, dopamine, as well as catalyzation of oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions, which are important in energy applications, are explored. Among the three materials, germanane portrays most superior properties for the electrochemical applications mentioned. All three materials possess fast heterogeneous electron transfer rates, relative to bare glassy carbon electrodes. In addition, toxicity studies of these materials are conducted to gain insights on their possible harmful effects toward human health. The results of this study show siloxene nontoxic while germanane and methylgermanane impose dose-dependent toxicity. Interestingly, methylation successfully reduce the toxicity of methylgermanane at lower concentrations. These studies provide fundamental insights into electrochemical and toxic properties of functionalized group 14 layered materials for future electrochemical applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Siloxene, Germanane, and Methylgermanane: Functionalized 2D Materials of Group 14 for Electrochemical Applications

Rosli

Rohaizad

Šturala

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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“…Two‐dimensional (2D) layered materials have become an important area of research . An important development in this area is the generation of van der Waals heterostructures formed by depositing a monolayer or a few layers of a 2D material on a monolayer or few layers of the same or another 2D material .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Route to Twisted Graphene, Graphene Oxide and Boron Nitride

Saraswat

Pramoda

Debnath

et al. 2020

Chemistry A European J

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The recently discovered twisted graphene has attracted considerable interest. As imple chemical route was found to prepare twisted graphene by covalently linking layers of exfoliated graphene containing surfacec arboxyl groups with an amine-containingl inker (trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane). The twisted graphene shows the expected selected area electron diffraction pattern with sets of diffraction spots out with different angular spacings, unlike graphene, which shows ah exagonal pattern. Twisted multilayerg raphene oxide could be prepared by the above procedure. Twisted boronn itride, prepared by cross-linking layers of boron nitride (BN) containing surface amino groups with oxalic acid linker,e xhibited ad iffraction pattern comparable to that of twisted graphene. First-principles DFT calculations threw light on the structures and the nature of interactions associated with twisted graphene/BN obtained by covalent linking of layers.Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have become an importanta rea of research. [1][2][3][4][5] An important development in this area is the generation of van der Waals heterostructures formed by depositing am onolayero rafew layerso fa2D material on am onolayer or few layers of the same or another 2D material. [6,7] As an alternative to van der Waals heterostructures, superlattices of 2D materials have been generated by covalent cross-linking. [8, 9] These materials exhibit severaln ovel properties. An exciting recent discovery is that of 2D superlattices of graphene formed by twisted bilayers. [10,11] Twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) superlattice is reported to be superconducting. The tBLG superlattice has been fabricated using drytransfer technique. [10] Mogerae tal. have synthesized superlattices of twisted multilayer graphene (tMLG) by drop coating so-lution of ah ydrocarbon such as naphthaleneo naN if oil followed by Joule heating. [11a] Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns reveal angular relationsb etween the twisted layers of graphene. Twisted multilayer graphene exhibits split spots with definite angulars pacings in SAED pattern unlike graphite, which shows hexagonal diffraction spots, suggesting angular deviations from AB packing. Mosto ft he methods reportedf or the synthesis of twisted graphene require the use of substrates and are not amenable for large-scale synthesis. We considered it is worthwhile to explore whether such tMLG superlattices can be generated chemically by covalently linking the graphene 2D layers.W eh ave been successful in doing so with the exfoliated graphene (EG) by using trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (DACH)a st he linker (Scheme 1). Here, the layerby-layer assembly occurs with amide bonds between the layers. We have extended this coupling methodology to prepare twisted multilayer graphene oxide.M ore interestingly,w e have used amine-functionalized boronn itride (BN) layerst o link with oxalic acid to obtain twisted BN. Furthermore, we have simulatedt wisted graphene and BN structures by using first-principles density functional theory...

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“…However, a few 2DMs have either been theoretically or experimentally identied to exist in the elemental form, and they belong to the main groups of IIIA (B, Al, Ga, In), IVA (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), VA (P, As, Sb, Bi), and VIA (Te, Se). 2,3 The electronic properties of this class of 2DMs differ signicantly: the borophene monolayer with anisotropic buckling shows metallic characteristics; 4 silicene 5 and germanene 6 monolayers with a buckled honeycomb lattice are semimetals with Dirac cones similar to graphene; black phosphorene is a semiconductor with a thickness-tunable direct band gap, high carrier mobilities, and high in-plane anisotropy; 7,8 and a bismuthene monolayer has also been predicted to show topological insulating behavior at room temperature. 9 Apparently, a much greater degree of exibility in tuning the electronic structure of 2DMs can also be achieved by combining two or more types of elements with different properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%