2D Noble Gas Crystals Encapsulated in Few-layer Graphene

Längle, Manuel; Mizohata, Kenichiro; Åhlgren, E. H.; Trentino, Alberto; Mustonen, Kimmo; Kotakoski, Jani

doi:10.1017/s1431927620016918

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…[ 7–9 ] In other studies the encapsulation strategy has been applied in in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of dynamics in liquids [ 10,11 ] and for protection of electron‐beam‐sensitive materials. [ 12,13 ] In addition, the inert and impermeable graphene envelope can also stabilize 2D layers of weakly bound molecules and atoms, and islands of C 60 fullerenes [ 14 ] and noble gases [ 15 ] have been observed in graphene encapsulation. In the latter two examples especially, the significant, over 1 GPa (or 10 4 atm) pressure associated with the vdW forces between graphene layers, [ 16 ] is crucial to constraining the degrees of freedom and compelling the encapsulated species to assume and retain the 2D crystalline phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7][8][9] In other studies the encapsulation strategy has been applied in in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of dynamics in liquids [10,11] and for protection of electron-beam-sensitive materials. [12,13] In addition, the inert and impermeable graphene envelope can also stabilize 2D layers of weakly bound molecules and atoms, and islands of C 60 fullerenes [14] and noble gases [15] have been Heterostructures composed of 2D materials are already opening many new possibilities in such fields of technology as electronics and magnonics, but far more could be achieved if the number and diversity of 2D materials were increased. So far, only a few dozen 2D crystals have been extracted from materials that exhibit a layered phase in ambient conditions, omitting entirely the large number of layered materials that may exist at other temperatures and pressures.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Toward Exotic Layered Materials: 2D Cuprous Iodide

et al. 2022

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such structures exist under ambient conditions and in total, only a few dozen 2D crystals have been successfully synthesized or exfoliated. While the unusual properties of graphene make it an interesting object of investigation itself, [1] it can also serve as a substrate to stabilize other, less obvious 2D materials. These include materials that do not by themselves form 2D phases, such as the covalent SiO 2 , [2] pseudo-ionic PbI 2 , [3] and metallic CuAu. [4] In the same spirit, layers of graphene have also been used to encapsulate materials. Metal atoms (in some cases forming nitrides [5,6] ) have been intercalated between a monocrystalline SiC surface and graphene to produce 2D metamaterials. [7][8][9] In other studies the encapsulation strategy has been applied in in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of dynamics in liquids [10,11] and for protection of electron-beam-sensitive materials. [12,13] In addition, the inert and impermeable graphene envelope can also stabilize 2D layers of weakly bound molecules and atoms, and islands of C 60 fullerenes [14] and noble gases [15] have been Heterostructures composed of 2D materials are already opening many new possibilities in such fields of technology as electronics and magnonics, but far more could be achieved if the number and diversity of 2D materials were increased. So far, only a few dozen 2D crystals have been extracted from materials that exhibit a layered phase in ambient conditions, omitting entirely the large number of layered materials that may exist at other temperatures and pressures. This work demonstrates how such structures can be stabilized in 2D van der Waals (vdw) stacks under room temperature via growing them directly in graphene encapsulation by using graphene oxide as the template material. Specifically, an ambient stable 2D structure of copper and iodine, a material that normally only occurs in layered form at elevated temperatures between 645 and 675 K, is produced. The results establish a simple route to the production of more exotic phases of materials that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to stabilize for experiments in ambient.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under

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Section: Introductionmentioning

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Toward Exotic Layered Materials: 2D Cuprous Iodide

et al. 2022

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“…Carbon nanotubes provide excellent platforms for imaging and analysis, allowing high-resolution investigations into the atomic world. Among chemical elements, the noble gases have been the most elusive for dynamic investigations at the atomic scale, ,, which stimulated the development of a molecular system for the delivery and direct observation of krypton atom dynamics in direct space and real time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigations of krypton atoms by microscopy involved entrapment of Kr by ion implantation in bilayer graphene. 22 − 24 Additionally, Kr gas sealed in several-nanometer-wide SWCNT was studied by HRTEM; however, no atomic contrast was observed due to the low filling density and high Kr atom mobility. 25 In this work, high-purity endohedral fullerene Kr@C 60 prepared via molecular surgery 26 serves as a starting point allowing the effective filling of SWCNT cavities with carbon cages, each containing one atom of Kr.…”

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Atomic-Scale Time-Resolved Imaging of Krypton Dimers, Chains and Transition to a One-Dimensional Gas

Cardillo-Zallo,

Biskupek,

Bloodworth

et al. 2024

ACS Nano

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Single-atom dynamics of noble-gas elements have been investigated using time-resolved transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with direct observation providing for a deeper understanding of chemical bonding, reactivity, and states of matter at the nanoscale. We report on a nanoscale system consisting of endohedral fullerenes encapsulated within single-walled carbon nanotubes ((Kr@C 60 )@SWCNT), capable of the delivery and release of krypton atoms on-demand, via coalescence of host fullerene cages under the action of the electron beam (in situ) or heat (ex situ). The state and dynamics of Kr atoms were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Kr atom positions were measured precisely using aberration-corrected high-resolution TEM (AC-HRTEM), aberration-corrected scanning TEM (AC-STEM), and single-atom spectroscopic imaging (STEM-EELS). The electron beam drove the formation of 2Kr@C 120 capsules, in which van der Waals Kr 2 and transient covalent [Kr 2 ] + bonding states were identified. Thermal coalescence led to the formation of longer coalesced nested nanotubes containing more loosely bound Kr n chains (n = 3−6). In some instances, delocalization of Kr atomic positions was confirmed by STEM analysis as the transition to a one-dimensional (1D) gas, as Kr atoms were constrained to only one degree of translational freedom within long, well-annealed, nested nanotubes. Such nested nanotube structures were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. This material represents a highly compressed and dimensionally constrained 1D gas stable under ambient conditions. Direct atomic-scale imaging has revealed elusive bonding states and a previously unseen 1D gaseous state of matter of this noble gas element, demonstrating TEM to be a powerful tool in the discovery of chemistry at the single-atom level. continued...

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“…[ 66 ] After roughly 2 years, Längle et al also reported the intercalation of Kr ions on graphene layers with blister formation. [ 67 ] Figure shows the history of intercalation and its time evolution on graphene and h‐BN using rare gases to date.…”

Section: Overview Of Recent Progresses In Intercalation Of Rare Gasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Intercalation of Rare Gas Solids on Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Saha

Sankar

Nikor

et al. 2023

Physica Rapid Research Ltrs

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Intercalation has recently emerged as a powerful tool due to its unique capability of modifying the properties of materials without breaking their chemical bonds. The ultrathin lattice structure of two‐dimensional (2D) materials with strong in‐plane covalent bonding and weak out‐of‐plane bonding between neighboring layers allow for the successful utilization of this powerful technique. The physics and chemistry of intercalated foreign species in 2D host materials, especially graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), are the focus of this review article. Among many foreign species, special attention is given to rare gas solids that introduce unprecedented physical and chemical properties in the targeted host materials. The historical background of intercalation is briefly discussed, and a comprehensive review of the very recent progress in the intercalation of rare gas solids in graphene and h‐BN is then provided. Different technologies used for the growth of the host materials and for the intercalation of rare gas species are also described. The remarkable potential of the resulting hybrid materials is outlined for diverse applications, including sensing, water filtration, and nanoelectromechanical devices.

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2D Noble Gas Crystals Encapsulated in Few-layer Graphene

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Toward Exotic Layered Materials: 2D Cuprous Iodide

Toward Exotic Layered Materials: 2D Cuprous Iodide

Atomic-Scale Time-Resolved Imaging of Krypton Dimers, Chains and Transition to a One-Dimensional Gas

A Review of Intercalation of Rare Gas Solids on Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride

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