32 bin near-infrared time-multiplexing detector with attojoule single-shot energy resolution

Abstract

We present two implementations of photon counting time-multiplexing detectors for near-infrared wavelengths, based on Peltier cooled InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes. A first implementation is motivated by practical considerations using only commercially available components. It features 16 bins, pulse repetition rates of up to 22 kHz, and a large range of applicable pulse widths of up to 100 ns. A second implementation is based on rapid gating detectors, permitting dead times below 10 ns. This allows one to realize a high dynamic-range 32 bin detector, able to process pulse repetition rates of up to 6 MHz for pulse widths of up to 200 ps. Analysis of the detector response at 16.5% detection efficiency reveals a single-shot energy resolution on the attojoule level.

Proposal for a superconducting photon number resolving detector with large dynamic range

“…The integration of nanowires with microcavities [20] and waveguides [21] has already resulted in QE values in the 80-90% range. The fidelity of SND is similar to other PNR detectors based on multiplexing techniques [8][9][10][11][12]. While approaches based on the direct measurement of the total pulse energy, such as the TES [5], do not suffer from the limited number of elements, the high speed and comparatively high operating temperature make the SND a unique candidate for quantum photonics applications, especially for PNR detection in the telecom wavelength range.…”

“…Time-multiplexing necessarily increases the response time, leading to limited maximum counting rates [8,9]. Space multiplexed InGaAs SPADs are usually plagued by high dark count rate and long dead times [10].…”

Temporal and spatial multiplexed infrared single-photon counter based on high-speed avalanche photodiode

“…In parallel, a large effort has also been dedicated to realize PNR capability based on single-photon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) due to their advantages, such as low cost and easy operation at room temperature2161718192021222324. Normally APDs can only discriminate between zero and at least one photon, i.e.…”

Fully integrated InGaAs/InP single-photon detector module with gigahertz sine wave gating

“…Significantly reducing ∆t can also effectively limit the avalanche charge quantity, which is the original idea of the recently emerging technique called rapid gating [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] .…”

“…Low charge flow however, creates a weak avalanche signal to be detected. There are currently two approaches to extract weak avalanches from huge capacitive response signals: sine wave gating and filtering [7][8][9][10][11][12] , and self-differencing 13,14 . …”