3D Paper-based milk adulteration detection device

Abstract

Milk adulteration is a common problem in developing countries, and it can lead to fatal diseases in humans. Despite several studies to identify different adulterants in milk samples, the effects of multiple adulterants remain unexplored. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) paper-based microfluidic device is designed and fabricated to simultaneously detect multiple chemical adulterants in milk. This device comprises a top cover, a bottom cover, and a middle layer composed of transportation and a detection zone. By making cuts on the middle layer’s support, the device’s flow path is characterised by optimum and uniform velocity. For the first time, seven adulterants (urea, detergents, soap, starch, hydrogen peroxide, sodium-hydrogen-carbonate, and salt) are detected in the milk sample simultaneously with specificity evaluation and detailed color interference analysis. Only 1–2 mL of sample volume is required to detect 7 adulterants at one time. We have used only 10 $$\upmu$$ μ L of the reagent’s volume for the colorimetric reaction and found the results within a few seconds. Observation reveals that the limit of detection (LOD) of the adulterants lies in the range between $$0.05\%$$ 0.05 % (vol./vol.) to $$0.2\%$$ 0.2 % (vol./vol.) using the colorimetric detection technique. The unknown quantity of the added adulterants is measured using the calibration curves obtained from the experiments results. The repeatability and reproducibility of the process, sensitivity, and the linear range of detection of the calibration curves and the statistical study of the color intensity data are thoroughly analysed herein. In any resource-limited setting, this simple, portable, and user-friendly 3D microfluidic device is expected to be used for testing liquid foods before consumption.

Fundamentals and Applications of Surface Wetting

“…Such preferential flow of fluids in confined channels fabricated on paper-based platforms is reported to be a cost-effective method for point-ofcare diagnostics. Recently, a paper-based platform for detecting milk adulteration for the useful suspects of adulterants was demonstrated as a proof-of-concept 335 (Figure 15e). The use of paper-based devices has also attracted much interest recently.…”

“…(e) Identification of milk adulteration. [Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022, Springer Nature, under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license ().…”

Paper based microfluidic devices: a review of fabrication techniques and applications

“…Antibody screening tool that shows whether a patient has a contagious disease infection and an immune reaction to it [196] Medical diagnosis Devices used to identify uropathogenic E. coli rely on the ability to detect nitrite, which is produced when E. coli reduces nitrate. [197] Food quality control Pesticide detection sensor made of paper for crop samples [198] Food quality control 3D PAD for identifying the milk allergen casein [199] Food quality control Colorimetric PAD to detect Salmonella [200] Medical diagnosis A pop-up, DNA-based, label-free ePAD for HBV (a biomarker of liver disorders) detection [201] Medical diagnosis A vertical flow-based paper sandwich-type immunosensor for sensing of influenza H1N1 viruses [202] Food quality control Instrument to measure aluminium in water without pre-treatment or pre-concentration of the sample [203] Medical diagnosis PAD for detection of malaria [204] Medical diagnosis Device for medical diagnosis and sweat analysis that simultaneously measures glucose, lactate, pH, chloride, and volume [205] Medical diagnosis Platform for electrochemical immunosensing for pmol/L Ebola virus detection [206] Medical diagnosis Human chorionic gonadotropin (a pregnancy indicator) detection via a PAD [207] Medical diagnosis PAD to immobilize different antibodies or anti-immunoglobulin E onto screen-printed carbon electrodes [208] Medical diagnosis PAD for COVID-19 diagnosis [209][210][211] Medical diagnosis Biosensor for POC sensing of dengue virus [212] Food quality control PAD to track total ammonia in fish pond water [213] Medical Diagnosis Electrochemical and self-powered paper-based device for glucose sensing [214,215] Medical diagnosis PAD for eliminating the necessity for a micropipette in quantitative analysis [216] Medical diagnosis PAD to extract blood plasma from a whole blood sample [138] Medical diagnosis A disposable ePAD for quantification of albumin in a urine sample [217] Food quality control 3D PAD to simultaneously detect multiple chemical adulterants in milk [195,218] Medical diagnosis An intelligent paper-based UV monitor that can detect the solar UV intensity in real time for human health and safety…”

Polymer Imbibition Through Paper Strips

“…These modifications still restrict the understanding of imbibition dynamics and capillary rise dynamics with respect to Newtonian fluids flowing through porous media. In a recent report, CRD has been exploited for the detection of adulteration in milk . The sequence of regimes observed in CRD of milk was shown to be in the order: initial inertia-dominated, viscous-dominated, or LWM, gravity-dominated regime. , It must be underlined here that in the theoretical prediction of CRD, milk has been assumed to behave as a Newtonian fluid.…”

“…In a recent report, CRD has been exploited for the detection of adulteration in milk . The sequence of regimes observed in CRD of milk was shown to be in the order: initial inertia-dominated, viscous-dominated, or LWM, gravity-dominated regime. , It must be underlined here that in the theoretical prediction of CRD, milk has been assumed to behave as a Newtonian fluid. However, the majority of fluids employed in diverse applications ranging from inkjet printing, oil recovery, textile manufacturing, and botanical processes fall under the broad umbrella of complex fluids.…”