3D photoacoustic imaging using Hadamard-bias encoding with a crossed electrode relaxor array

Abstract

A novel 3D photoacoustic imaging technique is experimentally demonstrated using a 64×64 element bias-sensitive crossed-electrode relaxor array. This technique allows for large 2D arrays to receive across all elements while using minimal channel counts. Hadamard-bias patterns are applied to column electrodes while signals are measured from row electrodes. Photoacoustic signals are measured from a crossed-wire phantom in an intralipid scattering medium. The Hadamard-bias-encoded imaging scheme showed a signal-to-noise (SNR) of 25.3 dB, while the single-column biasing strategy (or identity-matrix-bias pattern) showed a SNR of 8.8 dB.

High-Voltage Bias-Switching Electronics for Volumetric Imaging Using Electrostrictive Row–Column Arrays

“…In addition to ultrasound imaging work shown in this paper, our technology will have future applicability to photoacoustic imaging, since bias-encoded readout enables reception from every element of our TOBE arrays using only row-column addressing [19].…”

“…The addition of bias voltages enables new opportunities that could not be achieved with more conventional piezoelectric row-column arrays. For example, we demonstrated that it could be possible to read out from every element of the TOBE array using bias-voltage aperture encoding [9], [18], [19]. This was not previously possible with piezoelectric TOBE arrays.…”

“…More complicated imaging sequences can be achieved using a superposition of single transmit or single-receive element principles. In particular, we previously demonstrated enhanced signal-to-noise-ratio 3D photoacoustic imaging using Hadamard aperture bias encoding [19]. So-called Simultaneous Azimuth and Fresnel Elevational (SAFE) compounding was demonstrated for high-quality B-scan imaging with good elevational focusing based on a binary Fresnel Lens concept.…”

Ultrafast Orthogonal Row–Column Electronic Scanning (uFORCES) With Bias-Switchable Top-Orthogonal-to-Bottom Electrode 2-D Arrays

“…Importantly, each element of such a bias-sensitive TOBE array can be addressed by biasing a row and transmitting or receiving from a column. Hadamard or S-Matrixencoded biasing schemes have furthermore been proposed to improve signal-to-noise ratio with good success, including in our recent demonstrations of 3D imaging techniques [15], [20]- [23].…”

Phase modulated pulse interferometry for simultaneous multi-channel ultrasound detection

“…The success of PE technology may be attributed to its capability to generate and detect US with a single device and the availability of US arrays whose elements may be accessed simultaneously. With the recent emergence of hybrid imaging modalities in which the generation of US is performed via the absorption of electromagnetic (EM) energy in the tissue, many imaging systems have been developed that use PE transducers only in detection mode [2][3][4][5][6][7]. In the field of optoacoustic tomography, in which light is used to generate US, the availability of US arrays has led to the development of imagers capable of producing 2D and 3D images in real time [4,5].…”