3D print of polymer bonded rare-earth magnets, and 3D magnetic field scanning with an end-user 3D printer

Huber, Christian; Abert, Claas; Bruckner, Florian; Groenefeld, Martin; Muthsam, Olivia; Schuschnigg, Stephan; Sirak, Khan; Thanhoffer, R.; Teliban, Iulian; Vogler, Christoph; Windl, Roman; Suess, Dieter

doi:10.1063/1.4964856

Cited by 180 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Future magnet products and devices may be used in conditions which are not compatible with current magnet technology, such as smaller dimensions, in more complex shapes, higher integrated applications and extreme environmental/chemical conditions. On the micro/macroscale, modern additive manufacturing processes, such as 3D printing, allow, in principle, novel magnet designs [182,183], but at this stage lack a detailed understanding of the correlation of the fabrication process and materials properties, as well as the validation of useful magnetic properties. …”

Section: Materials Science Tu Darmstadtmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2017 Magnetism Roadmap

Sander

Valenzuela

Makarov

et al. 2017

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

326

207

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Building upon the success and relevance of the 2014 Magnetism Roadmap, this 2017 Magnetism Roadmap edition follows a similar general layout, even if its focus is naturally shifted, and a different group of experts and, thus, viewpoints are being collected and presented. More importantly, key developments have changed the research landscape in very relevant ways, so that a novel view onto some of the most crucial developments is warranted, and thus, this 2017 Magnetism Roadmap article is a timely endeavour. The change in landscape is hereby not exclusively scientific, but also reflects the magnetism related industrial application portfolio. Specifically, Hard Disk Drive technology, which still dominates digital storage and will continue to do so for many years, if not decades, has now limited its footprint in the scientific Topical ReviewOriginal content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. and research community, whereas significantly growing interest in magnetism and magnetic materials in relation to energy applications is noticeable, and other technological fields are emerging as well. Also, more and more work is occurring in which complex topologies of magnetically ordered states are being explored, hereby aiming at a technological utilization of the very theoretical concepts that were recognised by the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics.Given this somewhat shifted scenario, it seemed appropriate to select topics for this Roadmap article that represent the three core pillars of magnetism, namely magnetic materials, magnetic phenomena and associated characterization techniques, as well as applications of magnetism. While many of the contributions in this Roadmap have clearly overlapping relevance in all three fields, their relative focus is mostly associated to one of the three pillars. In this way, the interconnecting roles of having suitable magnetic materials, understanding (and being able to characterize) the underlying physics of their behaviour and utilizing them for applications and devices is well illustrated, thus giving an accurate snapshot of the world of magnetism in 2017.The article consists of 14 sections, each written by an expert in the field and addressing a specific subject on two pages. Evidently, the depth at which each contribution can describe the subject matter is limited and a full review of their statuses, advances, challenges and perspectives cannot be fully accomplished. Also, magnetism, as a vibrant research field, is too diverse, so that a number of areas will not be adequately represented here, leaving space for further Roadmap editions in the future. However, this 2017 Magnetism Roadmap article can provide a frame that will enable the reader to judge where each subject and magnetism research field stands overall today and which directions it might take in the foreseeable future.The first mater...

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Section: Materials Science Tu Darmstadtmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2017 Magnetism Roadmap

Sander

Valenzuela

Makarov

et al. 2017

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

326

207

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Today, cost effective and custom made, small-size permanent magnets (0.3 T-0.4 T) can already be home made in a 3D-printer in all kinds of shapes and field profiles using polymer-bonded magnetic material [34].…”

Section: Permanent Magnets the Low Cost Alternativementioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-High Field NMR and MRI—The Role of Magnet Technology to Increase Sensitivity and Specificity

Moser

Laistler

Schmitt³

et al. 2017

Front. Phys.

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"History, of course, is difficult to write, if for no other reason, than that it has so many players and so many authors." -P. J. Keating (former Australian Prime Minister)Starting with post-war developments in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) a race for stronger and stronger magnetic fields has begun in the 1950s to overcome the inherently low sensitivity of this promising method. Further challenges were larger magnet bores to accommodate small animals and eventually humans. Initially, resistive electromagnets with small pole distances, or sample volumes, and field strengths up to 2.35 T (or 100 MHz 1 H frequency) were used in applications in physics, chemistry, and material science. This was followed by stronger and more stable (Nb-Ti based) superconducting magnet technology typically implemented first for small-bore systems in analytical chemistry, biochemistry and structural biology, and eventually allowing larger horizontal-bore magnets with diameters large enough to fit small laboratory animals. By the end of the 1970s, first low-field resistive magnets big enough to accommodate humans were developed and superconducting whole-body systems followed. Currently, cutting-edge analytical NMR systems are available at proton frequencies up to 1 GHz (23.5 T) based on Nb 3 Sn at 1.9 K. A new 1.2 GHz system (28 T) at 1.9 K, operating in persistent mode but using a combination of low and high temperature multi-filament superconductors is to be released. Preclinical instruments range from small-bore animal systems with typically 600-800 MHz (14.1-18.8 T) up to 900 MHz (21 T) at 1.9 K. Human whole-body MRI systems currently operate up to 10.5 T. Hybrid combined superconducting and resistive electromagnets with even higher field strength of 45 T dc and 100 T pulsed, are available for material research, of course with smaller free bore diameters. This rather costly development toward higher and higher field strength is a consequence of the inherently low and, thus, urgently needed sensitivity in all NMR experiments. This review particularly describes and compares the developments in superconducting magnet technology and, thus, sensitivity in three Moser et al.UHF MR-Magnet Technology fields of research: analytical NMR, biomedical and preclinical research, and human MRI and MRS, highlighting important steps and innovations. In addition, we summarize our knowledge on safety issues. An outlook into even stronger magnetic fields using different superconducting materials and/or hybrid magnet designs is presented.

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“…3D printed bonded magnets with 54 to 65 vol.% loading of magnet powder in binder have been reported. 5,7 Additively manufactured magnets with 65 vol.% loading of magnet powder in binder are able to outperform injection molded magnets, even at this early stage of the technique. 4,7 In this paper, we describe the preparation of permanent magnet filaments intended for 3D printing using bonded Sm-Co powder reclaimed from swarfs in polylactic acid (PLA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycled Sm-Co bonded magnet filaments for 3D printing of magnets

et al. 2018

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Recycling of rare earth elements, such as Sm and Nd, is one technique towards mitigating long-term supply and cost concerns for materials and devices that depend on these elements. In this work recycled Sm-Co powder recovered from industrial grinding swarfs, or waste material from magnet processing, was investigated for use in preparation of filament for 3D printing of bonded magnets. Recycled Sm-Co powder recovered from swarfs was blended into polylactic acid (PLA). Up to 20 vol.% of the recycled Sm-Co in PLA was extruded at 160°C to produce a filament. It was demonstrated that no degradation of magnetic properties occurred due to the preparation or extrusion of the bonded magnet material. Good uniformity of the magnetic properties is exhibited throughout the filament, with the material first extruded being the exception. The material does exhibit some magnetic anisotropy, allowing for the possibility of the development of anisotropic filaments. This work provides a path forward for producing recycled magnetic filament for 3D printing of permanent magnets.

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3D print of polymer bonded rare-earth magnets, and 3D magnetic field scanning with an end-user 3D printer

Cited by 180 publications

References 11 publications

The 2017 Magnetism Roadmap

The 2017 Magnetism Roadmap

Ultra-High Field NMR and MRI—The Role of Magnet Technology to Increase Sensitivity and Specificity

Recycled Sm-Co bonded magnet filaments for 3D printing of magnets

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