3D printable hybrid acrylate-epoxy dynamic networks

Casado, Jaime; Konuray, O.; Roig, Adrià; Fernández‐Francos, Xavier; Ramis, Xavier

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111256

Cited by 21 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The same is true for the extent of vitrimeric behavior, since the concentration of β-hydroxy ester groups changes when the acrylate:epoxy ratio is changed. The reference formulation, described in a previous work, contains GLYDA and PEGMA in a 1-to-1 weight ratio [ 20 ]. Throughout the text, this formulation is referred to as BASE 3D.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a transesterification catalyst (to confer the vitrimer behavior), zinc acetoacetonate (Zn) was used. For further details about this formulation and the sample preparation procedure in general, refer to our previous paper [ 20 ]. All monomer materials, except for DG and TFG, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Madrid, Spain) and used without purification.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, we expose parameters that should be controlled in order to optimize an acrylate-epoxy hybrid and vitrimeric photoresin formulation so that a three-way balance is achieved between ease of (photo) processing, mechanical properties, and repairability/reprocessability. Starting from a vitrimeric photoresin that was characterized previously [ 20 ], we obtain an improved formulation by exploiting the leverage points revealed by our investigation. We then conduct mechanical tests on printed and repaired/recycled samples with this improved formulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This enables the facile repair and reprocessing of the cured material. Furthermore, the hybrid formulation confers added versatility to the production process since the acrylate:epoxy composition can be changed so as to tailor the thermomechanical properties of the final material [ 20 , 25 ]. Moreover, this hybrid formulation can be cured sequentially, wherein a quick photocuring process is followed by thermal curing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization and Testing of Hybrid 3D Printing Vitrimer Resins

Casado¹,

Konuray²,

Benet³

et al. 2022

Polymers

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The quality of photocure-based 3D printing greatly depends on the properties of the photoresin. There are still many challenges to be overcome at the material level before such additive manufacturing methods dominate the manufacturing industry. To contribute to this exciting research, an acrylate-epoxy hybrid and a vitrimeric photoresin were studied to reveal the formulation parameters that could be leveraged to obtain improved processability, mechanical performance, and repairability/reprocessability. As the network becomes more lightly or densely crosslinked, as a result of changing monomer compositions, or as its components are compatibilized, to different extents, by varying the types and loadings of the coupling agents, its thermomechanical, tensile, and vitrimeric behaviors are impacted. Using a particular formulation with a high concentration of dynamic β-hydroxyester linkages, samples are 3D printed and tested for repair and recyclability. When processed at sufficiently high temperatures, transesterification reactions are triggered, allowing for the full recovery of the tensile properties of the repaired or recycled materials, despite their inherently crosslinked structure.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization and Testing of Hybrid 3D Printing Vitrimer Resins

Casado¹,

Konuray²,

Benet³

et al. 2022

Polymers

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“…Epoxy resin is a typical matrix to be used as the primary load-carrying composite components to prepare CFRP composites because of its excellent combination of mechanical and insulation performance, curing shrinkage, dimensional stability, and heat/chemical resistance. − Due to the highly cross-linked network structure, epoxy resins show poor resistance to crack initiation and propagation, − leading to the destruction of the CFRP composite and generating wastes after a long-term service period. Therefore, achieving the recycling of the epoxy resin and carbon fiber from CFRP composite wastes is of great significance and quite meets with the current fast development of a circular economy. − To achieve this goal, epoxy resin with a covalent adaptable network (CAN) structure, which provides excellent recycling performance, comes into people’s eyes. , Dynamic characteristics of the epoxy CANs can realize the reuse of resin and fiber under certain stimulus conditions while maintaining the dimensional stability of the composite material. − Many different categories of epoxy CANs based on Diels–Alder bonds, , transesterification exchange, − disulfide bonds, ,− acetal linkage, imine amine exchange, − , dynamic borate, , and thiol–epoxy click reaction have been developed to realize the recyclable capability of the resin and carbon fiber from CFRP composites. However, many CANs still need additional agents to obtain the recycled epoxy resins, such as H 2 O 2 , HCl, NaOH, KOH, or relevant monomers (…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites with Excellent Recyclable Performance via Dynamic Acylsemicarbazide Moieties

Yang

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Achieving the recycling of the carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite is of great significance toward pursuing a sustainable and circular economy but remains a challenge due to the infusible and insoluble properties of epoxy resin. In this study, the acylsemicarbazide (ASC) moieties are introduced into the network to obtain the dynamic reversible cross-linked thermoset epoxy resin (EPOXY-ASC). An optimized EPOXY-ASC with a tensile stress of 81.27 MPa and an elongation at break of 13.80% exhibits excellent reprocessing performance due to the dynamic reversibility of ASC moieties. The carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites with the EPOXY-ASC resin were successfully prepared with an interlaminar shear strength of 44.86 MPa and can be fully recycled by a solvolysis method without additional agents. The recycled carbon fiber and resin still maintain the original properties well. This study provides a solution to recycle the CFRP composite, which conforms to a circular economy.

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Recent Progress on the 3D Printing of Dynamically Cross‐Linked Polymers

Jia,

Xie,

Qian

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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The utilization of dynamic cross‐linking represents a highly promising approach in addressing the escalating issues of plastic pollution and fossil resource consumption. Despite being extensively investigated over the past decade, various dynamically cross‐linked polymers (DCPs) predominantly remain confined to the realm of academic research. To serve as a valuable material for practical application, advanced processing is always essential for all kinds of materials. 3D printing (3DP) enables the creation of intricate shapes layer‐by‐layer without relying on molds, thus the integration of 3DP techniques with DCPs holds significant potential to enhance and expand the practical applicability of DCPs. Here, an overview of the fundamental principles underlying DCPs compatible 3DP techniques are provided, namely photocuring 3DP, extrusion‐based 3DP, and laser sintering‐based 3DP. Additionally, a comprehensive summary of representative research works that specifically focus on the application of DCPs in each respective 3DP technique is presented. The performance and dynamic mechanism involved in the corresponding printing process are thoroughly discussed and comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the existing challenges and issues pertaining to further enhancing 3D printability, performance, efficiency, etc., are extensively deliberated upon, while proposing potential directions to address these concerns.

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3D printable hybrid acrylate-epoxy dynamic networks

Cited by 21 publications

References 27 publications

Optimization and Testing of Hybrid 3D Printing Vitrimer Resins

Optimization and Testing of Hybrid 3D Printing Vitrimer Resins

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites with Excellent Recyclable Performance via Dynamic Acylsemicarbazide Moieties

Recent Progress on the 3D Printing of Dynamically Cross‐Linked Polymers

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