3D printed human organoids: High throughput system for drug screening and testing in current COVID‐19 pandemic

Abstract

In the current pandemic, scenario the world is facing a huge shortage of effective drugs and other prophylactic medicine to treat patients which created havoc in several countries with poor resources. With limited demand and supply of effective drugs, researchers rushed to repurpose the existing approved drugs for the treatment of COVID‐19. The process of drug screening and testing is very costly and requires several steps for validation and treatment efficacy evaluation ranging from in‐vitro to in‐vivo setups. After these steps, a clinical trial is mandatory for the evaluation of treatment efficacy and side effects in humans. These processes enhance the overall cost and sometimes the lead molecule show adverse effects in humans and the trial ends up in the final stages. Recently with the advent of three‐dimensional (3D) organoid culture which mimics the human tissue exactly the process of drug screening and testing can be done in a faster and cost‐effective manner. Further 3D organoids prepared from stems cells taken from individuals can be beneficial for personalized drug therapy which could save millions of lives. This review discussed approaches and techniques for the synthesis of 3D‐printed human organoids for drug screening. The key findings of the usage of organoids for personalized medicine for the treatment of COVID‐19 have been discussed. In the end, the key challenges for the wide applicability of human organoids for drug screening with prospects of future orientation have been included.

Internet‐of‐medical‐things integrated point‐of‐care biosensing devices for infectious diseases: Toward better preparedness for futuristic pandemics

“…Indeed, a data security breach might result in a significant rise in the expense of health care and life insurance, as well as job discrimination. As a result, it is evident that to successfully undertake a large‐scale illness detection program, a strong socioeconomic foundation is required, which can be fulfilled by using additive manufacturing 188,189 …”

“…As a result, it is evident that to successfully undertake a large-scale illness detection program, a strong socioeconomic foundation is required, which can be fulfilled by using additive manufacturing. 188,189 Chemists and chemical biologists can contribute significantly to the development of biosensing devices against infectious agents which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. We still have a lot to learn about the microbial population, their genetics, biochemical pathways, and the mode of interactions with receptors of biological cells.…”

Revolutionizing Disease Modeling: The Emergence of Organoids in Cellular Systems

“…They exhibit complex cellular organization, spatial orientation, and function similar to that of the in vivo tissue, composed of multiple cell types, and can be used to study organ development, disease modeling, and drug screening. They are typically cultured in a specialized medium containing growth factors that promote differentiation and tissue-specific gene expression [ 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 ]. Spheroids, on the other hand, are aggregates of cells that form a 3D structure, but lack the complex organization and functional specialization of organoids, and often have a homogenous cell population.…”

“…Organoids are 3D structures, miniaturized versions of organs that are grown in a lab using stem cells or other cell types. These structures closely mimic the architecture, function, and behavior of their in vivo counterparts, making them valuable tools for studying a wide range of biological processes and diseases [ 111 , 128 ].…”

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids: Their Implication in COVID-19 Modeling

“…The future development of more advanced organ models represents a combination of 3D printing and organ-on-a-chip technology, by which it will be possible to generate even more physiologically comparable organoids to adult organs. For example, 3D bioprinting allows the creation of macro-scale organoids from tissue-specific cell types laden in bioinks with appropriate spatial cellular locations, such as lung-like organoids providing air–cell surface interference in a complex hollow structure [ 143 ].…”