3D-printed hydrogel scaffold-loaded granulocyte colony-stimulating factor sustained-release microspheres and their effect on endometrial regeneration

Abstract

After injury, the endometrium cannot self-repair or regenerate because damages of the basal layer of the uterine, which often lead to intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), which can cause serious problems such...

Cyclical endometrial repair and regeneration: Molecular mechanisms, diseases, and therapeutic interventions

“…Embryo implantation results at 30 days postoperatively also confirmed the superior proendometrial repair of the 3D+hiMSC scaffold 459 . In another study, a sustained‐release microsphere (SRM) system was developed using PLGA microspheres encapsulated with granulate colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), which was subsequently mixed with gelatin and alginate to obtain the 3D‐printing G‐CSF–SRM system (referred to as the 3D microsphere) 460 . The 3D microsphere was shown to promote endometrial regeneration, inhibit fibrosis, improve vascular regeneration and reconstruct normal uterine morphology in rats with endometrial injury.…”

“…The expensive nature of the raw materials makes it challenging to spread and specific performance requirements must be met by the printing equipment. For example, bone repair scaffolds need to meet specific mechanical properties and filling rates [460][461][462] ; while cardiovascular scaffolds should offer an improved spatial structure and a conducive growth microenvironment for cell reproduction, facilitating cell adhesion, and growth. 463,464 These challenges can be summarized into three key points: first, maintaining cell activity and survival rate.…”

“…459 In another study, a sustained-release microsphere (SRM) system was developed using PLGA microspheres encapsulated with granulate colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which was subsequently mixed with gelatin and alginate to obtain the 3D-printing G-CSF-SRM system (referred to as the 3D microsphere). 460 The 3D microsphere was shown to promote endometrial regeneration, inhibit fibrosis, improve vascular regeneration and reconstruct normal uterine morphology in rats with endometrial injury. Subsequent embryo implantation demonstrated improved gestational function and endometrial tolerance.…”

3D Printing and Its Current Status of Application in Obstetrics and Gynecological Diseases

“…Therefore, sustained-release drug delivery systems with high local drug concentrations should be investigated. Wen et al [ 42 ] prepared a 3D-printed scaffold with gelatin and sodium alginate as raw materials, along with a G-CSF-SRM (3D microsphere) sustained-release system with an average diameter of 9.68 μm. In vitro experiments have shown, using a sustained-release system in the IUA rat model, that such an approach could reduce adhesion significantly after an endometrial injury, promote the reconstruction of the endometrial structure and function, and aid in achieving spatial control and personalization of drug distribution.…”

Review on Additives in Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting of Regenerative Medicine: From Mechanism to Methodology

“…Therefore, to maintain the long-term drug concentration of G-CSF at the site of endometrial injury and to reduce the adverse consequences of a single high-dose administration, it is of great significance to construct a sustained release system of G-CSF. Wen et al [308] made G-CSF-loaded slow-release microsphere (G-CSF-SRM) hydrogel scaffolds with 3D printing technology. They mixed recombinant human G-CSF, dextrose and polyethylene glycol in a mass ratio of 1:5:50, and stirred and freeze-dried them.…”