“…Polylactic acid (PLA) has emerged as a biocompatible, biodegradable thermoplastic polyester sourced from renewable materials that pose no harm to human health [ 6 , 19 ]. Furthermore, augmenting PLA with materials like carbon or onyx has exhibited enhanced physical attributes, filament robustness, and product longevity [ 20 , 21 ]. While the incorporation of PLA with other filaments enhances polymer properties, it may also escalate the cost of prototypes, which are still in the exploratory study phase [ 2 , 17 , 21 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the initial design process, the model must possess certain features, as identified by Huysamen [ 20 ]: it should accommodate a microcamera passing through the blade; the blade should have an adjustment to prevent camera rotation, aiding in the correct procedure orientation. The device should allow the passage of light and the tube.…”
The global healthcare crisis with the COVID-19 pandemic has placed a significant overwhelming demand for intubation procedures and the need for reliable and accessible video laryngoscopes. The purpose of this scoping and technological review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art, covering the period from 2007 to 2022, pertaining to the manufacturing process, characteristics, and validation of video laryngoscopes produced using additive manufacturing techniques. Following the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), an exhaustive search was conducted across nine prominent databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Prospero, Scielo, Embase, Lilacs, Virtual Health Libraries-VHL) and four patent databases (EPO/ESPACENET, WIPO/PATENTSCOPE, National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), Google Patents). The main materials utilized for the impression, as well as the physical characteristics of the device are introduced at first. Crucial aspects to facilitate proper visualization of the anatomical structures during endotracheal intubation as the optimal angulation of the blade, the mechanical resistance of the device, traction force on the jaw, intubation time, and the experimental methods employed to validate its performance were reviewed in terms of their recent advances.
“…Polylactic acid (PLA) has emerged as a biocompatible, biodegradable thermoplastic polyester sourced from renewable materials that pose no harm to human health [ 6 , 19 ]. Furthermore, augmenting PLA with materials like carbon or onyx has exhibited enhanced physical attributes, filament robustness, and product longevity [ 20 , 21 ]. While the incorporation of PLA with other filaments enhances polymer properties, it may also escalate the cost of prototypes, which are still in the exploratory study phase [ 2 , 17 , 21 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the initial design process, the model must possess certain features, as identified by Huysamen [ 20 ]: it should accommodate a microcamera passing through the blade; the blade should have an adjustment to prevent camera rotation, aiding in the correct procedure orientation. The device should allow the passage of light and the tube.…”
The global healthcare crisis with the COVID-19 pandemic has placed a significant overwhelming demand for intubation procedures and the need for reliable and accessible video laryngoscopes. The purpose of this scoping and technological review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art, covering the period from 2007 to 2022, pertaining to the manufacturing process, characteristics, and validation of video laryngoscopes produced using additive manufacturing techniques. Following the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), an exhaustive search was conducted across nine prominent databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Prospero, Scielo, Embase, Lilacs, Virtual Health Libraries-VHL) and four patent databases (EPO/ESPACENET, WIPO/PATENTSCOPE, National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), Google Patents). The main materials utilized for the impression, as well as the physical characteristics of the device are introduced at first. Crucial aspects to facilitate proper visualization of the anatomical structures during endotracheal intubation as the optimal angulation of the blade, the mechanical resistance of the device, traction force on the jaw, intubation time, and the experimental methods employed to validate its performance were reviewed in terms of their recent advances.
“…The collaborative development process and testing of materials was published in the South African Journal of Industrial Engineering in 2020. 13 Figure 2 The novel device used in this study. The 3D printed VL blade and handle are attached to a commercially available 6.5 mm borescope camera inserted into a Samsung ® Galaxy A11 smartphone.…”
Background
Compared to direct laryngoscopy, videolaryngoscopy (VL) can provide improved laryngeal and glottic view, higher intubation success rates in patients with a known or predicted difficult airway and reduced incidence of laryngeal/airway trauma. However, the cost and availability of these devices handicap its use in resource-restricted facilities. The objective was to design and manufacture a novel VL using additive manufacturing (AM) and evaluate its usability on an intubation manikin by comparing it to one of the most common video laryngoscopes used in clinical practice, the CMAC
®
, by measuring the time to first pass of the endotracheal tube as the main outcome.
Methods
A randomised cross-over study was performed with 36 anaesthetists attempting tracheal intubation of a manikin. The novel 3D-printed hyperangulated VL blade was compared to a CMAC
®
VL (D-blade). Participants had no prior experience or training with the novel device. The participants included consultants, registrars/trainees and medical officers in the Department of Anaesthesiology at the University of the Free State (UFS) in South Africa.
Results
The CMAC
®
had a statistically shorter time to first pass (median 13.8 seconds) compared to the 3D-printed model (median 19.0 seconds) (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–6.2; P=0.0013). No failed attempts occurred with either device.
Conclusion
Intubation times were faster with the CMAC
®
than with the novel device. However, with a comparable intubation success rate, 3D printing technology potentially can improve access to video laryngoscopy. Further design improvements, validation of materials and manufacturing processes are required before 3D-printed laryngoscope blades can be used in human subjects.
“…Through the FE modeling, as detailed in the previous section, experimental data for the [0°] and [90°] specimens were used to determine values for and , respectively. Following the work described in Reference [26], value for for both [0°] and [90°] specimens was set to be 0.33.…”
This article is concerned about change of elastic modulus as a function of raster angle used in the fused deposition modeling and applicability of laminate theory to prediction of the elastic modulus. Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) was used for the experimental testing. In view that PETG shows viscous deformation which was not considered in the laminate theory, quasistatic (QS) component of the elastic modulus was used to examine the applicability of laminate theory, which was achieved by extraction of the QS stress response to deformation through stress relaxation and then finite element modeling of the slope for the load-displacement curve before the relaxation. Two analytical approaches were used to examine the laminate theory. One was known as the mechanics of materials approach that considers matrix properties from the intralayer regions, and the other the elasticity model approach that also considers the interlayer regions. The study found that both approaches provided reasonable estimation of the QS elastic modulus but their values were slightly over the measured values. We provide evidence to suggest that the prediction accuracy could be improved by considering the change of interlayer filament contact with the change of raster angle.
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