3D Printing: Advancement in Biogenerative Engineering to Combat Shortage of Organs and Bioapplicable Materials

Abstract

Organ or cell transplantation is medically evaluated for end-stage failure saving or extending the lives of thousands of patients who are suffering from organ failure disorders. The unavailability of adequate organs for transplantation to meet the existing demand is a major challenge in the medical field. This led to day-day-increase in the number of patients on transplant waiting lists as well as in the number of patients dying while on the queue. Recently, technological advancements in the field of biogenerative engineering have the potential to regenerate tissues and, in some cases, create new tissues and organs. In this context, major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine which have a huge impact on the scientific community is three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) of tissues and organs. Besides this, the decellularization of organs and using this as a scaffold for generating new organs through the recellularization process shows promising results. This review discussed about current approaches for tissue and organ engineering including methods of scaffold designing, recent advances in 3D bioprinting, organs regenerated successfully using 3D printing, and extended application of 3D bioprinting technique in the field of medicine. Besides this, information about commercially available 3D printers has also been included in this article. Lay SummaryToday's need for organs for the transplantation process in order to save a patient's life or to enhance the survival rate of diseased one is the prime concern among the scientific community. Recent, advances in the field of biogenerative engineering have the potential to regenerate tissues and create organs compatible with the patient's body. In this context, major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine which have a huge impact on the scientific community is three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) of tissues and organs. Besides this, the decellularization of organs and using this as a scaffold for generating new organs through the recellularization process shows promising results. This review dealt with the current approaches for tissue and organ engineering including methods of scaffold designing, recent advances in 3D bioprinting, organs regenerated successfully using 3D printing, and extended application of 3D bioprinting technique in the field of medicine. Furthermore, information about commercially available 3D printers has also been included in this article.

Balancing the customization and standardization: exploration and layout surrounding the regulation of the growing field of 3D-printed medical devices in China

“…At present, based on the characteristics of the standardization process, in order to continue to promote the standardization of 3D-printed medical devices, it is essential to simultaneously promote many aspects of work [52], including: (1) Enhance the industrialization process of China's additive manufacturing technology; (2) Strengthen the exchanges and cooperation in standardization work between China and other countries and organizations; (3) All parties in the field should provide constructive opinions for the establishment of relevant laws and regulations by the Chinese regulatory authorities; (4) All parties in the field should provide technical support for formulating regulatory guidelines, such as special risk analysis and risk control; (5) The regulatory authorities shall further establish standards for technologies and methods, raw materials, equipment, and processes. It can be seen that, firstly, industry and standards are interdependent, and industry cannot be separated from the guidance of standards, nor can standards be separated from industry; otherwise, they become "castles in the air."…”

“…Ensuring these two aspects is, at the same time, the purpose of the data and software verification work mentioned among the key points of quality control. When a finished product is obtained through the design and manufacturing stage, the factors that will affect the safety of this product include: (1) The safety of the raw materials; (2) The rationality of the structure; (3) The removal effect of processing aids and residues; (4) The biocompatibility of the finished product after implantation into the human body; (5) The long-term toxicity of the product; and (6) The effectiveness of product function.…”

“…At the intersection of medicine and engineering, three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, whose principle is to fabricate entities by the method of layer-by-layer stacking [2,3], has become a trending manufacturing technology. Threedimensional printing technologies provide emerging meth-ods for the medical field [4][5][6][7], which has resulted in the birth of the concept of "medical 3D printing" [8,9], which is now a popular research topic attracting the attention of numerous scholars. Especially, it has found applications in response to the current COVID-19 pandemic [10,11].…”

3D printed human organoids: High throughput system for drug screening and testing in current COVID‐19 pandemic

“…Bioprinters, as a result, enable the replication of complex tissues or the deposition of specific cells, which can then undergo histogenesis to produce defined biological structures. The availability of bioinks with required properties and viscosity, as well as managing tissue development and its function, are the most significant barrier in bioprinting (Parihar, Pandita, et al, 2021; Parihar, Parihar, et al, 2022; Park et al, 2018). The application of 3D printed organoids in drug development and screening has been discussed in the next section.…”

3D Bioprinting of Novel κ-Carrageenan Bioinks: An Algae-Derived Polysaccharide

“…3D bioprinting has emerged as an approach for tissue and organ engineering that could advance organ transplantation and clinical translation of in vitro-engineered constructs [30][31][32]. 3D extrusion bioprinting is the most commonly used bioprinting technique due to the wide range of compatible materials and its ease of operation.…”