3D Scaffolds Based on Conductive Polymers for Biomedical Applications

Alegret, Núria; Dominguez‐Alfaro, Antonio; Mecerreyes, David

doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01382

Cited by 86 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Their molecular structures can be modified either prior to or after polymerization, and they often show good biocompatibility and low toxicity. Thus, ICPs are under active investigation for diverse applications in biomedical engineering [5] including biosensing [6], cellular interfacing [7], controlled drug release [8], and tissue engineering [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and 3D Printing of Conducting Alginate–Polypyrrole Ionomers

Wright

Molino

Chung

et al. 2020

Gels

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Hydrogels composed of calcium cross-linked alginate are under investigation as bioinks for tissue engineering scaffolds due to their variable viscoelasticity, biocompatibility, and erodibility. Here, pyrrole was oxidatively polymerized in the presence of sodium alginate solutions to form ionomeric composites of various compositions. The IR spectroscopy shows that mild base is required to prevent the oxidant from attacking the alginate during the polymerization reaction. The resulting composites were isolated as dried thin films or cross-linked hydrogels and aerogels. The products were characterized by elemental analysis to determine polypyrrole incorporation, electrical conductivity measurements, and by SEM to determine changes in morphology or large-scale phase separation. Polypyrrole incorporation of up to twice the alginate (monomer versus monomer) provided materials amenable to 3D extrusion printing. The PC12 neuronal cells adhered and proliferated on the composites, demonstrating their biocompatibility and potential for tissue engineering applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and 3D Printing of Conducting Alginate–Polypyrrole Ionomers

Wright

Molino

Chung

et al. 2020

Gels

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“…[16] These constructs are envisaged to replace malfunctioning part of neural tissues or, thanks to the embedded electronics, they can constitute an organ-on-chip like platform to dynamically monitor toxicity of drugs on tissues. [17] Being inherently softer than other conductors makes them also attractive for in vivo applications. Conducting polymers minimize adverse reactions between the electronics and the tissue that carries the implant as a result of improved mechanical compliance, given that the mechanics at the level of the device architecture is optimized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Bioelectronics: From Functional Materials to Next‐Generation Devices and Power Sources

2020

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Conjugated polymers (CPs) possess a unique set of features setting them apart from other materials. These properties make them ideal when interfacing the biological world electronically. Their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity can be used to detect weak biological signals, deliver charged bioactive molecules, and mechanically or electrically stimulate tissues. CPs can be functionalized with various (bio)chemical moieties and blend with other functional materials, with the aim of modulating biological responses or endow specificity toward analytes of interest. They can absorb photons and generate electronic charges that are then used to stimulate cells or produce fuels. These polymers also have catalytic properties allowing them to harvest ambient energy and, along with their high capacitances, are promising materials for next‐generation power sources integrated with bioelectronic devices. In this perspective, an overview of the key properties of CPs and examination of operational mechanism of electronic devices that leverage these properties for specific applications in bioelectronics is provided. In addition to discussing the chemical structure–functionality relationships of CPs applied at the biological interface, the development of new chemistries and form factors that would bring forth next‐generation sensors, actuators, and their power sources, and, hence, advances in the field of organic bioelectronics is described.

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“…[24][25][26] The versatility and flexibility of polymer synthesis also enables the production of varied scaffold architectures, in contrast to traditional metal electrodes, bridging the communication gap between biology and electronics. [27][28][29][30][31] When compared to metal electrodes, CPs have been shown to be beneficial for neural tissue engineering due to their ability to modulate material stiffness and impedance to better match that of neural tissue. [32] The lower stiffness of CPs compared to metal electrodes has been shown to improve long-term contact with neuronal cells and the electrode, by reducing the mechanical mismatch and reactive tissue response to stiff metal devices, prolonging electrical stimulation and extending beneficial effect on neuronal growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[34][35][36] Electroactive hydrogels have been shown to permit electrical stimulation of cells in 3D and to mediate biological signaling. [27,[37][38][39] However, continued issues with low conductivity have hindered translation of CHs into biomedical applications. [24,40,41] In the last decade, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has dominated the CP field, due to its excellent electrical properties, chemical and thermal stability and low oxidation potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Electroactive Oligo‐EDOT Platform for Neural Tissue Engineering

Ritzau‐Reid

Spicer

Gelmi

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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The unique electrochemical properties of the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) make it an attractive material for use in neural tissue engineering applications. However, inadequate mechanical properties, and difficulties in processing and lack of biodegradability have hindered progress in this field. Here, the functionality of PEDOT:PSS for neural tissue engineering is improved by incorporating 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) oligomers, synthesized using a novel end-capping strategy, into block co-polymers. By exploiting end-functionalized oligoEDOT constructs as macroinitiators for the polymerization of poly(caprolactone), a block co-polymer is produced that is electroactive, processable, and bio-compatible. By combining these properties, electroactive fibrous mats are produced for neuronal culture via solution electrospinning and melt electrospinning writing. Importantly, it is also shown that neurite length and branching of neural stem cells can be enhanced on the materials under electrical stimulation, demonstrating the promise of these scaffolds for neural tissue engineering.

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3D Scaffolds Based on Conductive Polymers for Biomedical Applications

Cited by 86 publications

References 90 publications

Synthesis and 3D Printing of Conducting Alginate–Polypyrrole Ionomers

Synthesis and 3D Printing of Conducting Alginate–Polypyrrole Ionomers

Organic Bioelectronics: From Functional Materials to Next‐Generation Devices and Power Sources

An Electroactive Oligo‐EDOT Platform for Neural Tissue Engineering

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