3D Switchable Diffractive Optical Elements Fabricated with Two‐Photon Polymerization

O'Neill, J.; Salter, Patrick S.; Zhao, Zimo; Chen, Bohan; Daginawalla, Hassan; Booth, Martin J.; Elston, Steve J.; Morris, Stephen M.

doi:10.1002/adom.202102446

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In recent years, direct laser writing (DLW) has enabled the manufacturing of high-resolution polymer structures directly within a liquid crystalline mixture. − Though direct laser writing in photoresist laid the groundwork for these processes, writing in LC instead has significantly improved the efficiency of the system. Here, by mixing the LC with a monomer and photoinitiator, the LC mixture is selectively polymerized using a femtosecond laser that triggers polymerization through a two-photon absorption process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-Written Tunable Liquid Crystal Aberration Correctors

Xu,

Nourshargh,

Salter

et al. 2023

ACS Photonics

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In this Article, we present a series of novel laser-written liquid crystal (LC) devices for aberration control for applications in beam shaping or aberration correction through adaptive optics. Each transparent LC device can correct for a chosen aberration mode with continuous greyscale tuning up to a total magnitude of more than 2π radians phase difference peak to peak at a wavelength of λ = 660 nm. For the purpose of demonstration, we present five different devices for the correction of five independent Zernike polynomial modes (although the technique could readily be used to manufacture devices based on other modes). Each device is operated by a single electrode pair tuned between 0 and 10 V. These devices have potential as a low-cost alternative to spatial light modulators for applications where a low-order aberration correction is sufficient and transmissive geometries are required.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-Written Tunable Liquid Crystal Aberration Correctors

Xu,

Nourshargh,

Salter

et al. 2023

ACS Photonics

Self Cite

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“…Figure 2a shows comparisons of machining speed and resolution for femtosecond laser with those of clipping, [53][54][55][56][57] 3D printing [58][59][60][61] and two-photon polymerization, [62][63][64][65] indicating that FsLDW can provide both a quick machining speed and high resolution. Figure 2b demonstrates that FsLDW method can achieve various pattern micromachining.…”

Section: Machining Parameter Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond‐Laser‐Direct‐Writing Micro‐Scale Soft Actuators with Controllable Shape Morphing

Wang,

Li,

Geng

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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Micro‐scale soft actuators with controllable shape‐morphing are the focus of advanced technological fields, ranging from advancing sensing, industrial robotics, and digital manufacturing to medical devices. Particularly, there is a growing interest in the scientific community to leverage liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) to fabricate such soft actuators, because LCPs can offer reversible, programmable deformations under external stimuli. However, pattern micromachining of LCPs into micro‐scale remains a daunting challenge. Herein, a femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) method for cross‐linked LCP (CLCP) microstructure construction is reported that enables arbitrary pattern machining with a minimum size of 40 µm and average heat‐affected zone (HAZ) below 8 µm through optimization of processing parameters. Light‐driven behaviors of CLCP microstructures are systematically characterized through analyzing the effects of film thickness, length‐width ratio, light irradiation time, incident angle, light intensity, and cutting direction on bending and twisting behaviors. Finally, a light‐driven micromirror system is demonstrated, which can achieve not only a controllable swing but also a rotation of the mirror surface with a maximum scanning frequency of ≈2 Hz.

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“…being produced at the micro-scale. These devices include conventional [3] and Fresnel micro-lenses [4], holographic elements [5], polarisation controlled lens arrays [6], meta-optics [7] and multi-component systems [8], most notably, micro objectives [9], non-linear excitation imaging systems [10], as well as anti-reflective coated complex systems [11]. Furthermore, grayscale lithography was utilized to create step-free micro-lens systems either by using increased resolution [12] or variable laser fluence [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcination-Enhanced Laser Induced Damage Threshold of 3D Micro-Optics Made with Laser Multi-Photon Lithography

Gailevičius¹,

Zvirblis²,

Galvanauskas³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Laser Direct Writing (LDW), also known as 3D multi-photon laser lithography of resins, is a promising technique for fabricating complex free-form elements, including micro-optical functional components. Regular organic or hybrid (organic-inorganic) resins are often used, with latter exhibiting better optical characteristics, as well as having the option to be heat-treated into inorganic glass-like structures, particularly useful for resilient micro-optics. While this work is a continuation of SZ2080™ calcination development , the Laser-Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) of such sol-gel-derived glass micro-structures, particularly those that undergo heat treatment, has not been well-characterized. In this pilot study, we investigated the LIDT using the Series-on-One (S-on-1) protocol of functional micro-lenses produced via LDW and subsequently calcinated. Our results demonstrate that the LIDT can be significantly increased, even multiple times, by this approach, thus enhancing the resilience and usefulness of these free-form micro-optics. This work represents the first investigation in terms of LIDT into the impact of calcination on LDW produced sol-gel-derived glass micro-structures, and provides important insights for the development of robust micro-optical devices.

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3D Switchable Diffractive Optical Elements Fabricated with Two‐Photon Polymerization

Cited by 29 publications

References 55 publications

Laser-Written Tunable Liquid Crystal Aberration Correctors

Laser-Written Tunable Liquid Crystal Aberration Correctors

Femtosecond‐Laser‐Direct‐Writing Micro‐Scale Soft Actuators with Controllable Shape Morphing

Calcination-Enhanced Laser Induced Damage Threshold of 3D Micro-Optics Made with Laser Multi-Photon Lithography

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