4-Aminoquinolines as Antimalarial Agents: Review of A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective

Abstract

Malaria is a potentially fatal parasitic disease brought on by five Plasmodium species, including Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium knowlesi. The fast emergence of P. falciparum resistance to currently available treatments has increased health concerns in developing countries. The growth in resistance emphasizes the need for a novel, secure, and cost-effective antimalarial drug that can treat malaria resistant to multiple antimalarial drugs. Therefore, it has become crucial to create new therapeutic approaches to deal with the rise of parasites resistant to artemisinin. For the treatment of P. falciparum malaria in children living in areas with moderate to high transmission, as established by WHO, the malaria vaccine RTS, S has been authorized. The WHO recommends that governments consider this immunization against a human parasite when deciding the optimum subnational combination of measures for maximum impact. The current research synthesizes numerous 4-aminoquinoline derivatives successfully treating malaria and its diverse etiological species. Additionally crucial to the management and prevention of malaria are antibiotics. Effective and well-tolerated antimalarial medications include tetracycline and chloramphenicol, chloroquine, primaquine, pamaquine, and artemisinins are some of the drugs used to treat malaria; however, numerous new compounds have proven to be even more efficient. This review, based on literature reports, will give medicinal chemists ideas for new malaria drugs to develop. In addition, this review will help search for new antimalarial drug leads in the future.

Cabuya (Furcraea andina, Asparagaceae): una persistencia biocultural para la reproducción del ser social Puruhá en la microcuenca del Río Guano (Andes Ecuatorianos)

“…Esto porque la etnobotánica se centra en el estudio de las interrelaciones dinámicas y co-evolutivas entre las sociedades humanas vivas y las plantas (Ford, 1978;Albuquerque, 2005;Bennett, 2005;Paniagua-Zambrana y Bussmann, 2020;Turner, 2020), teniendo como propósito fundamental la recuperación de los conocimientos, saberes y significados ancestrales/tradicionales de las especies vegetales en diferentes condiciones ecológicas y dentro de un determinado contexto cultural (Hernández, 1978(Hernández, , 1985Martínez-Alfaro, 2012). Considerando para ello, un enfoque multidisciplinario entre la botánica, la ecología, antropología, arqueología, economía, estudios culturales y otras (Sharma y Kumar, 2013), que permitan la integración de perspectivas históricas, locales y regionales, sobre el conocimiento de las plantas en un determinado grupo étnico (Anderson et al, 2012).…”

Ethnobotanical Study in Asauda, Kasar, Mandothi and Nuna Majra Villages of Bahadurgarh Tehsil of Haryana, India

“…Generally, ethnobotany is described as a botany method based on anthropology. Archaeological searches in literature, herbarium and field studies are some of the ethnobotanical study techniques that are pertinent to medicinal plants (Sharma and Kumar, 2013). There are various medicinal plants in India that are used in a variety of traditional medical procedures.…”