4. Atomic Processes

The Ion-Hose Instability in a High-Current Multipulse Linear Induction Accelerator

“…The predominant recombination processes for impact ionized residual background gas are radiative and three bodies. For cold channels, the collisional rate dominates and is given by [13] R c = 1.4 × 10 −31 n i N 6 cl (χ/kT ) 2 × exp [χ/ (N cl + 1) 2 kT ] cm 3 /s N cl = 126Z 14/17 n −2/17 i (χ/kT ) −1/17 × exp 4χ/17N 3 cl kT (9) where χ is the ionization energy and N cl is the quantum number of a collisional limit. The radiative rate for singly ionized hydrogenic ions is R r = 5.2 × 10 −14 (χ/kT ) 1/2 × [0.429 + 0.5 ln (χ/kT ) + 0.469 (χ/kT ) −1/3 ] cm 3 /s.…”

Tin laser-produced plasma as the light source for extreme ultraviolet lithography high-volume manufacturing: history, ideal plasma, present status, and prospects

“…The laser absorbing layer expands with the expansion velocity V exp given by 28 V exp ¼ ðZ∕MÞ 1∕2 T e ðeVÞ 1∕2 1.6E6 cm∕sec; (8) where M is the atomic mass number of the element. When the electron density is very low, the radiation efficiency increases for a higher density, because the photon flux per ion is proportional to the electron density.…”

Development of X-Ray Laser Media: Measurement of Gain and Development of Cavity Resonators for Wavelengths Near 130 Angstroms.

“…If one compares the ratio of collisional to radiative recombination rates in hydrogen line plasmas, 4 one finds that for a given ratio of ion excited state energy to electron temperature, the electron density required for the dominance of collisional recombination scales as Z 7 .…”