42936 pathogens from Canadian hospitals: 10 years of results (2007–16) from the CANWARD surveillance study

Abstract

Objectives The CANWARD surveillance study was established in 2007 to annually assess the in vitro susceptibilities of a variety of antimicrobial agents against bacterial pathogens isolated from patients receiving care in Canadian hospitals. Methods 42 936 pathogens were received and CLSI broth microdilution testing was performed on 37 355 bacterial isolates. Limited patient demographic data submitted with each isolate were collated and analysed. Results Of the isolates tested, 43.5%, 33.1%, 13.2% and 10.2% were from blood, respiratory, urine and wound specimens, respectively; 29.9%, 24.8%, 19.0%, 18.1% and 8.2% of isolates were from patients in medical wards, emergency rooms, ICUs, hospital clinics and surgical wards. Patient demographics associated with the isolates were: 54.6% male/45.4% female; 13.1% patients aged ≤17 years, 44.3% 18–64 years and 42.7% ≥65 years. The three most common pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (21.2%, both methicillin-susceptible and MRSA), Escherichia coli (19.6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.0%). E. coli were most susceptible to meropenem and tigecycline (99.9%), ertapenem and colistin (99.8%), amikacin (99.7%) and ceftolozane/tazobactam and plazomicin (99.6%). Twenty-three percent of S. aureus were MRSA. MRSA were most susceptible to ceftobiprole, linezolid and telavancin (100%), daptomycin (99.9%), vancomycin (99.8%) and tigecycline (99.2%). P. aeruginosa were most susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam (98.3%) and colistin (95.0%). Conclusions The CANWARD surveillance study has provided 10 years of reference antimicrobial susceptibility testing data on pathogens commonly causing infections in patients attending Canadian hospitals.

Rapid differentiation between bacterial infections and cancer using a near-infrared fluorogenic probe

“…CT26 colon cancer cells were injected into the le hind limb (Fig. 4a, blue circle) of each mouse 7 days before in vivo imaging allowing tumours to grow to a size of 100-150 mm 3 and live S. aureus (1 Â 10 9 CFU) was injected into the right hind limb (Fig. 4a, red circle) of each mouse 10 min before in vivo imaging.…”

“…1,2 There is oen signicant overlap in the diagnostic features among bacterial infection, inammation, and cancer both clinically and using conventional imaging techniques, which has resulted in increased urgency to develop novel tools for accurate and swi diagnosis of bacterial infections. [3][4][5] Owing to the development of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and optical imaging techniques, 6,7 molecular imaging with bacteria-specic agents may signicantly improve patient outcomes by rapidly identifying an infection and monitoring the treatment response. In this regard, using molecular probes for selective sensing and detection of enzyme activity produced by a pathogen represents an attractive approach for identifying bacteria.…”

Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli to Fosfomycin as Measured by Four In Vitro Testing Methods

“…Bacterial isolates. E. coli (n ϭ 554) isolated from urine (n ϭ 162) and nonurine (n ϭ 392) specimens by clinical microbiology laboratories across Canada, and submitted to the 2018 Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD) were tested for in vitro susceptibility to fosfomycin by the CANWARD coordinating laboratory (Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada) following species confirmation by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA) (10). Laboratories submitted isolates nonselectively in order to obtain a representative sample of organisms recovered in that laboratory during routine diagnostic work.…”

Escalating antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae: focus on carbapenemases

“…Additionally, among 728 isolates carrying AG-modifying enzymes, 99.0% were inhibited by plazomicin at < 2 g/ml 166 . Recently, plazomicin was reported to be active versus E. coli (including 100% of ESBL-producing and CPR isolates) and other Enterobacteriaceae tested, including gentamicin-resistant isolates 168 . Plazomicin is approved by the FDA to treat c-UTI [163][164][165] and will likely have a future role to treat serious CRE infections at other sites as part of combination therapy.…”