4D printing: Fundamentals, materials, applications and challenges

Ahmed, Aamir; Arya, Sandeep; Gupta, Vinay; Furukawa, Hidemitsu; Khosla, Ajit

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123926

Cited by 188 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…In this regard, the processing of 3D-printable shape memory materials (SMMs), recently named 4D printing − (where the fourth dimension is time), is being explored. This technique allows the manufacturing of smart materials, whose programmed shape is finally deployed by an external stimulus. , Over the past 2 decades, SMMs based on metal alloys, ceramics, and polymers were developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4D-Printed Resins and Nanocomposites Thermally Stimulated by Conventional Heating and IR Radiation

Cortés

Aguilar

Cosola

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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The shape memory (SM) capabilities of nanocomposites based on two photocurable acrylated/methacrylated resins, doped with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and manufactured by digital light processing 3D printing were investigated. The mechanical properties and glass transition temperature (T g ) can be tailored in a broad range by varying the weight ratio of the two resins (T g ranging from 15 to 190 °C; Young's modulus from 1.5 to 2500 MPa). Shape fixity (S F ) and recovery (S R ) ratios are strongly influenced by the temperature being significantly higher at temperatures close to the T g . The results confirm that the S F strongly depends on the stiffness of chain segments between cross-linking points, whereas the S R mainly depends on the cross-link density of the network. CNT addition barely affects the S F and S R in the conventional oven, whereas the recovery speed using IR heating is significantly increased for the doped nanocomposites due to their higher IR absorbance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4D-Printed Resins and Nanocomposites Thermally Stimulated by Conventional Heating and IR Radiation

Cortés

Aguilar

Cosola

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…From its first appearance in 2013, 4D printing demonstrated a radical shift in AM [ 47 , 59 , 60 ]. Tibbits defined 4D printing as multi-material printing with the capability to transform over time or a customized material system that can change shape, structure, or function directly off the print bed [ 47 ].…”

Section: 4d Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Intelligence-Empowered 3D and 4D Printing Technologies toward Smarter Biomedical Materials and Approaches

Pugliese

Regondi

2022

Polymers

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In the last decades, 3D printing has played a crucial role as an innovative technology for tissue and organ fabrication, patient-specific orthoses, drug delivery, and surgical planning. However, biomedical materials used for 3D printing are usually static and unable to dynamically respond or transform within the internal environment of the body. These materials are fabricated ex situ, which involves first printing on a planar substrate and then deploying it to the target surface, thus resulting in a possible mismatch between the printed part and the target surfaces. The emergence of 4D printing addresses some of these drawbacks, opening an attractive path for the biomedical sector. By preprogramming smart materials, 4D printing is able to manufacture structures that dynamically respond to external stimuli. Despite these potentials, 4D printed dynamic materials are still in their infancy of development. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could push these technologies forward enlarging their applicability, boosting the design space of smart materials by selecting promising ones with desired architectures, properties, and functions, reducing the time to manufacturing, and allowing the in situ printing directly on target surfaces achieving high-fidelity of human body micro-structures. In this review, an overview of 4D printing as a fascinating tool for designing advanced smart materials is provided. Then will be discussed the recent progress in AI-empowered 3D and 4D printing with open-loop and closed-loop methods, in particular regarding shape-morphing 4D-responsive materials, printing on moving targets, and surgical robots for in situ printing. Lastly, an outlook on 5D printing is given as an advanced future technique, in which AI will assume the role of the fifth dimension to empower the effectiveness of 3D and 4D printing for developing intelligent systems in the biomedical sector and beyond.

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“…Among these smart materials, shape-memory polymers endow the creation of biomimetic micro/nano-constructs which dynamically change their architecture in response to their microenvironment [ 155 ]. These shape-memory polymer-based constructs have the capacity to regulate cell behaviors and prompt tissue growth in a spatio–temporal way, thereby mimicking dynamic changes in the ECM structure, both ‘in vitro’ [ 156 ] and ‘in vivo’ [ 157 ]. In addition, these responsive materials can be implanted through minimally invasive surgery and fill irregular defects.…”

Section: Challenges and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smart/dynamically responsive biomaterials can be stamped using 4D printing, i.e. “the creation of objects which alter their shape when removed from a 3D printer” [ 157 ]. Dynamically responsive materials and 4D printing offer the possibility of mimicking not only the chemical, physical and architectonic characteristics of living tissues but also the ECM dynamic environment.…”

Section: Challenges and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Soft to Hard Biomimetic Materials: Tuning Micro/Nano-Architecture of Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration

et al. 2022

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Failure of tissues and organs resulting from degenerative diseases or trauma has caused huge economic and health concerns around the world. Tissue engineering represents the only possibility to revert this scenario owing to its potential to regenerate or replace damaged tissues and organs. In a regeneration strategy, biomaterials play a key role promoting new tissue formation by providing adequate space for cell accommodation and appropriate biochemical and biophysical cues to support cell proliferation and differentiation. Among other physical cues, the architectural features of the biomaterial as a kind of instructive stimuli can influence cellular behaviors and guide cells towards a specific tissue organization. Thus, the optimization of biomaterial micro/nano architecture, through different manufacturing techniques, is a crucial strategy for a successful regenerative therapy. Over the last decades, many micro/nanostructured biomaterials have been developed to mimic the defined structure of ECM of various soft and hard tissues. This review intends to provide an overview of the relevant studies on micro/nanostructured scaffolds created for soft and hard tissue regeneration and highlights their biological effects, with a particular focus on striated muscle, cartilage, and bone tissue engineering applications.

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4D printing: Fundamentals, materials, applications and challenges

Cited by 188 publications

References 156 publications

4D-Printed Resins and Nanocomposites Thermally Stimulated by Conventional Heating and IR Radiation

4D-Printed Resins and Nanocomposites Thermally Stimulated by Conventional Heating and IR Radiation

Artificial Intelligence-Empowered 3D and 4D Printing Technologies toward Smarter Biomedical Materials and Approaches

From Soft to Hard Biomimetic Materials: Tuning Micro/Nano-Architecture of Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration

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