597 EFFECTS OF POST-EVENT MASSAGE THERAPY ON MUSCLE RECOVERY AND PERFORMANCE IN REPEATED ULTRAENDURANCE CYCLING T. Drews

Effect of Repeated Sodium Phosphate Loading on Cycling Time-Trial Performance and VO2peak

“…While 1,000-kJ time-trial time to completion decreased (58-69 s) and power output increased (~5-7 W) after both SP trials, compared with placebo and baseline, the only significant results found were during the second SP phase for mean power at 250 kJ and 500 kJ compared with placebo. Furthermore, while a single phase of SP supplementation resulted in a greater mean Results from previous studies assessing the effect of a single phase of SP supplementation on time-trial performance have been equivocal (Folland et al, 2008;Kreider et al, 1992;Kreider et al, 1990;Weatherwax et al, 1986). Differences between results of these studies could relate to the mode of exercise used (cycling vs. running), the distance of the time trial (range of 8-40 km), and the length of the washout period (9-17 days).…”

“…Previous research has used 500 kJ to approximate a distance of 20 km (Peeling, Bishop, & Landers, 2005), so the target total exercise amount of 1,000 kJ was chosen to represent approximately 40 km, similar to the protocol of Ihsan, Landers, Brearley, and Peeling (2010). When performing the 1,000-kJ time trial, participants cycled in an isolated room with no outside influences.…”

“…Considerable research has focused on legal and medically safe nutritional supplements (with minimal or no negative side effects) that may lead to improved exercise performance. One such supplement is phosphate, which may improve endurance-exercise performance and peak aerobic capacity (VO 2peak ;Folland, Stern, & Brickley, 2008;Kreider et al, 1992;Kreider, Miller, Williams, Somma, & Nasser, 1990). Phosphate is an essential mineral that must be obtained from the diet, with sources including red meat, fish, poultry, milk products, eggs, cereal, and vegetables (Lee, Brautbar, & Kleeman, 1981;Stoff, 1982).…”

“…Based on these roles of phosphate in the body, many studies have examined the effects of various doses and timing of phosphate supplementation (in the form of sodium phosphate; SP) in an attempt to enhance exercise performance. Supplementation with SP typically involves ingestion of 3-4 g/day, split into four equal doses, for a period of 3-6 days (Cade et al, 1984;Folland et al, 2008;Kreider et al, 1992;Kreider et al, 1990;Wallace et al, 1997). Such doses have been reported to result in improvements in VO 2peak (Cade et al, 1984;Kreider et al, 1992;Wallace et al, 1997) and endurance performance (Kreider et al, 1992), although not all studies have observed ergogenic benefits after SP supplementation (Brennan & Connolly, 2001;Thompson et al, 1990;Weatherwax et al, 1986;West, Ayton, Wallman, & Guelfi, 2012).…”

“…Supplementation with SP typically involves ingestion of 3-4 g/day, split into four equal doses, for a period of 3-6 days (Cade et al, 1984;Folland et al, 2008;Kreider et al, 1992;Kreider et al, 1990;Wallace et al, 1997). Such doses have been reported to result in improvements in VO 2peak (Cade et al, 1984;Kreider et al, 1992;Wallace et al, 1997) and endurance performance (Kreider et al, 1992), although not all studies have observed ergogenic benefits after SP supplementation (Brennan & Connolly, 2001;Thompson et al, 1990;Weatherwax et al, 1986;West, Ayton, Wallman, & Guelfi, 2012). Nonetheless, multiple mechanisms for performance improvements after SP loading have been suggested, including increased 2,3-DPG concentrations, leading to a greater unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin to the muscle (Cade et al 1984;Chanutin & Curnish, 1967;Farber et al, 1987); increased extracellular phosphate availability, resulting in greater intracellular diffusion and enhanced oxidative metabolism (Lichtman, Miller, Cohen, & Waterhouse, 1971;Thompson et al, 1990); increased anaerobic glycolysis, phosphocreatine synthesis, and ATP production (Brain & Card, 1972;Chanutin and Curnish, 1967;Lichtman & Miller, 1970); increased cardiac muscle contractility (Czuba, Zajac, Poprzecki, & Cholewa, 2009;Czuba, Zajac, Poprzecki, Cholewa, & Woska, 2008;Kreider et al, 1992); and increased buffering capacity (Avioli, 1988).…”