5G Over-the-Air Measurement Challenges: Overview

Qi, Yihong; Yang, Guang; Liu, Lie; Fan, Jun; Orlandi, Antonio; Kong, Hongwei; Yu, Wei; Yang, Zhiping

doi:10.1109/temc.2017.2707471

Cited by 106 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…With the rapid development of communication technologies, the fifth-generation wireless communication (5G in short) will work in millimeter-wave frequency, such as 28 GHz or 39 GHz, to achieve high-speed connection. To evaluate devices under test more accurately, over-the-air (OTA) measurements need to be performed in anechoic chambers that provide noise-free environment [1]. And the millimeter-wave chamber with low environment reflection depends mainly on the absorptive capacity of millimeter-wave absorber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of millimeter-wave EM absorber with homogenization theory

Zhu

Liu

Zhang³

et al. 2019

SN Appl. Sci.

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Millimeter-wave pyramidal absorber with working frequency from 18 to 40 GHz was developed in this study, which is suitable for anechoic chambers for 5G wireless terminal measurement. Since full-wave numerical method is a time-consuming process to optimize the performance of wave absorber, a theoretical model based on homogenization theory was developed for fast analysis of the reflectivity of absorber with arbitrary shape. In order to validate the theoretical model, absorbing performance was obtained by both theoretical approach and electromagnetic (EM) simulation, respectively. The effects of design parameters, like geometry and foaming ratio on the EM performance, were investigated. A 300 mm by 300 mm conical absorber made of carbon black-filled expanded polypropylene achieves reflectivity around − 40 dB to − 60 dB in working frequency band. The experimental results also prove that the theoretical solution can predict the performance of design with excellent accuracy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of millimeter-wave EM absorber with homogenization theory

Zhu

Liu

Zhang³

et al. 2019

SN Appl. Sci.

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“…This calibration becomes challenging as in massive MIMO systems several hundreds of antennas are closely packed. Classical out-coupling of a part of the receive or transmit power close to the antenna is technically challenging and inefficient, as it requires a huge number of feedback branches [23]. As a consequence, this letter focuses on OTA calibration methods.…”

Section: Ota Calibration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To tackle the calibration problem overthe-air (OTA) calibration methods seem to be promising, as no additional RF calibration branches have to be integrated into the analog beamforming network. Note that a RF calibration branch per antenna element is technically and economically challenging, as massive MIMO arrays consist of hundreds of densely packed antenna elements [23], [24]. The presented OTA method in [25] for retrodirective antenna arrays calibrates the phases of the elements regarding a reference transmitter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beam Pattern Optimization Method for Subarray-based Hybrid Beamforming Systems

Eisenbeis¹,

Pfaff²,

Karg³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Subarray-based hybrid beamforming (SBHB) systems represent an efficient architectural solution to realize massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Thereby, the beamforming is no longer realized exclusively in the digital domain, but in coordination with an analog beamforming network by connecting each digital channel to a dedicated number of antenna elements via phase shifters. Most channel estimation and beamforming algorithms for SBHB systems are based on beam steering approaches, demanding a precise calibration of the analog beamforming network. In this letter, the SBHB system is calibrated by over-the-air (OTA) scattering parameter measurements and two criteria to optimize the beam pattern are formulated exploiting the ambiguities of the phase shifters. Both optimization criteria are evaluated using a designed SBHB receiver system operating at 27.8 GHz.

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“…This study describes a field test method developed for antenna systems. Many of the recent research activities relating to emerging 5G related testing is concentrating methods based on emulating realistic electromagnetic environment such as [1][2][3]. However, as stated in [4] the measurements in an actual operating environment is required to fully cover and compensate the antenna configuration selections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Measurement for Antenna Configuration Comparison in Challenging NLOS Locations

Heikkilä

Erkkila

Tervonen

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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This article has two main objectives. First, it describes the practical challenges of field trials and proposes a developed test method. Secondly, the test method is used to compare uplink performance with different antenna technologies when user equipment does not have a line of sight to the evolved Node B. Both passive and active antenna configurations were used in the performance evaluation. Modern cellular networks have high demands for capacity, reliability, and availability. The verification of a network's configuration and technological features is essential to guarantee network performance, and the performance of a network must be verified by laboratory testing or field trials; such trials produce experimental knowledge of technology features and configurations. Technological and environmental factors must also be considered before performing mobile network field-testing. Our work showed that moving user equipment produces more reliable and repeatable results than measurements with stationary user equipment. Our antenna configuration comparison study revealed that in the uplink direction, active antenna system beam control could significantly increase the uplink capacity in non-line-of-sight conditions. Index Terms-2-and 4-way RX diversity, AAS, field trial, horizontal beamforming, non-line-of-sight environment, MIMO, uplink capacity improvement, vertical beamforming.

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5G Over-the-Air Measurement Challenges: Overview

Cited by 106 publications

References 25 publications

Development of millimeter-wave EM absorber with homogenization theory

Development of millimeter-wave EM absorber with homogenization theory

Beam Pattern Optimization Method for Subarray-based Hybrid Beamforming Systems

Field Measurement for Antenna Configuration Comparison in Challenging NLOS Locations

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