6-Gingerol inhibits hair cycle via induction of MMP2 and MMP9 expression

Abstract

ABSTRACT6-Gingerol is the major active constituent of ginger. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of 6-Gingerol on hair growth. Mice were randomly divided into five groups; after hair depilation (day 0), mice were treated with saline, or different concentrations of 6-Gingerol for 11 days. The histomorphological characteristics of the growing hair follicles were examined after hematoxylin and eosin staining. The results indicated that 6-Gingerol significantly suppressed hair growth compared with that in the control group. And choose the concentration of 6-Gingerol at 1 mg/ mL to treated with mice. Moreover, 6-Gingerol (1 mg/mL) significantly reduced hair re-growth ratio, hair follicle number, and hair follicle length, which were associated with increased expression of MMP2 and MMP9. Furthermore, the growth factors, such as EGF, KGF, VEGF, IGF-1 and TGF-β participate in the hair follicle cycle regulation and regulate hair growth. We then measured the concentrations of them using ELISA assays, and the results showed that 6-Gingerol decreased EGF, KGF, VEGF, and IGF-1 concentrations, and increased TGF-β concentration. Thus, this study showed that 6-Gingerol might act as a hair growth suppressive drug via induction of MMP2 and MMP9 expression, which could interfere with the hair cycle.

Identification of MMP9 as a novel key gene in mantle cell lymphoma based on bioinformatic analysis and design of cyclic peptides as MMP9 inhibitors based on molecular docking

“…Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), a member of the gelatinase family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrades ECM proteins, plays a major role in microvascular remodeling and cell migration during morphogenesis and wound healing ( 22 – 24 ). The expression level of MMP9 can be abnormally elevated in most tumors, and is subject to complex regulation.…”

Identification of Immune Microenvironment Changes, Immune-Related Pathways and Genes in Male Androgenetic Alopecia

“…When human hair follicles in culture in vitro, MMP-9 gelatinolytic activities was produced, and MMP-9 production was strongly increased by the stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF), TNF-α, or interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), which were strong inhibitors of human hair growth in culture ex vivo [21]. And immoderate MMP-9 could suppress hair growth by interfering with the hair cycle [22]. PTPRC, also known as CD45, is a transmembrane glycoprotein, expressed on almost all haematopoietic cells except for mature erythrocytes.…”

Identification of immune microenvironment changes, immune-related pathways and genes in male androgenetic alopecia

“…[ 21 ] And immoderate MMP9 could suppress hair growth by interfering with the hair cycle. [ 22 ] protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C, also known as CD45, is a transmembrane glycoprotein, expressed on almost all hematopoietic cells except for mature erythrocytes. The CD45 is a key molecule for signal transduction on cell membranes and is the most abundant protein tyrosine phosphatase in T cells, playing a key role in TCR signaling.…”

“…DHT upregulates inhibitory cytokines (e.g., TGF-α, EGF, IL-1α), which in turn upregulate MMP9, [ 21 ] excessive amounts of MMP9 may impede hair growth through interference with the hair cycle. [ 22 ] Several MMP9 inhibitors, such as Batimastat (BB-94), Marimastat (BB-2516), CGS-27023A (MMI-270), CGS-25966, Tanomastat (BAY12-9566) and Prinomastat (AG-3340), have been tested in clinical trials for different types of cancer. [ 30 ] Further research could validate the effectivity of MMP9 inhibitors in mouse model of AGA, and MMP9 inhibitor would provide an additional option for male AGA treatment.…”