6-Paradol and 6-Shogaol, the Pungent Compounds of Ginger, Promote Glucose Utilization in Adipocytes and Myotubes, and 6-Paradol Reduces Blood Glucose in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Abstract

The anti-diabetic activity of ginger powder (Zingiber officinale) has been recently promoted, with the recommendation to be included as one of the dietary supplements for diabetic patients. However, previous studies presented different results, which may be caused by degradation and metabolic changes of ginger components, gingerols, shogaols and paradols. Therefore, we prepared 10 ginger active components, namely 6-, 8-, 10-paradols, 6-, 8-, 10-shogaols, 6-, 8-, 10-gingerols and zingerone, and evaluated their anti-hyperglycemic activity. Among the tested compounds, 6-paradol and 6-shogaol showed potent activity in stimulating glucose utilization by 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. The effects were attributed to the increase in 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 6-Paradol, the major metabolite of 6-shogaol, was utilized in an in vivo assay and significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol and body weight in high-fat diet-fed mice.

Steamed Ginger May Enhance Insulin Secretion through KATP Channel Closure in Pancreatic β-Cells Potentially by Increasing 1-Dehydro-6-Gingerdione Content

“…GE has been reported to enhance the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) [31]. 6-Gingerol, 6-shogaol and 6-paradolas components of ginger exhibit potent activity in stimulating glucose metabolism via the AMPKalpha2-mediated AS160-Rab5 pathway and through potentiation of insulin-mediated glucose regulation [8,32]. Furthermore, the anti-hyperglycemic action of ginger may be due to increased pancreatic secretion of insulin from β-cells [33].…”

“…In addition, ginger is one of the most famous medicinal herbs in traditional Medicine and is widely used to treat stomachache, arthritis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, primary dysmenorrhea, and nausea caused by pregnancy and chemotherapy [2][3][4][5][6]. In particular, the anti-diabetic effect of ginger and the gingerols, shogaols, and paradols is already known to improve insulin sensitivity and decrease the risk of diabetes mellitus [7][8][9][10]. The steaming process can affect chemicals and cause changes in biological activity.…”

Validation of Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Determination of 6-, 8-, 10-Gingerols and 6-Shogaol From Ginger Extracts

“…Gingerol compounds with varying chain lengths were reported from the species of which 6-gingerol is the most abundant form [6]. Gingerols possesses diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, analgesic, gastroprotective, cardiotonic, antipyretic, anti-angiogenic, anti-platelet aggregation effects and anti-hyperglycemia [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. There is great demand for 6-gingerol due to its low toxicity and attractive medicinal potential [21].…”

Assessment of Toxicological Effect of Shogaol in Albino Mice

“…In scientific studies concerned with ginger oleoresin samples, the most common bioactive composites that have been dealt with are Gingerol and Shogaol (Chen et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2015;Varakumar et al, 2017). The Gingerols are thermally non-stable compounds which convert into Shogaol at high temperatures (Mashhadi et al, 2013) and at time of preparation of dried ginger (Ok and Jeong, 2012;Wei et al, 2017). The level of Gingerol was found to be reduced when the fresh ginger was cooked, desiccated and toasted, whereas the concentrations of Shogaol increase with such treatments (Semwal et al, 2015).…”