“…[37][38][39][40][41][42] Tosylation at O-6 I is favored on steric grounds and, in the particular case of bCD when using aqueous media, by inclusion of the sulfonylating reagent in the cavity. This pathway competes, however, with tosylation at the more acidic O-2 position, which strongly complicates the purification step and represents a serious handicap for the final yield.…”
“…[37][38][39][40][41][42] Tosylation at O-6 I is favored on steric grounds and, in the particular case of bCD when using aqueous media, by inclusion of the sulfonylating reagent in the cavity. This pathway competes, however, with tosylation at the more acidic O-2 position, which strongly complicates the purification step and represents a serious handicap for the final yield.…”
“…To a solution of 3-mercaptopropanoic acid (14.6 µL, 0.168 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) sodium hydride (15 mg, 0.620 mmol) was added in 10 equal portions and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. Then 6-mono-p-toluenesulfonyl-β-cyclodextrin 30 (100 mg, 0.077 mmol) was added and the whole was stirred at 100 o C for 2 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then water was added (2 mL). The solvent was driven off under vacuum, the compound was dissolved in minimum volume of water, the pH was adjusted to 7 and the solution was dialysed for 1 day.…”
β-and γ-Cyclodextrins connected on their narrow side via 6 bond-linkers with monosaccharides (Man, GlcNAc) suitable for bacterial lectin recognition, along with reference mono-analogues were prepared. The resulting compounds: (a) posses a functional cavity forming inclusion complexes with a model guest molecule and with the antibiotic ampicillin; (b) inhibit by more than 30% the hydrolysis of ampicillin in the presence of the enzyme β-lactamase; (c) interact stronger with surface immobilized lectins than the reference mono-analogues. The present work suggests that combining the lectin recognition property of the compounds with their ability to encapsulate antibiotics could be used to target and kill bacteria.
“…Blocking Aβ production has targeted BACE [123], γ-secretase inhibitors [124], modulating APP synthesis, [125] and the upregulation of α-secretase [126]. However, the role of APP, Aβ , and the secretases in normal physiological function [127][128][129][130] presents a problem in providing effective and safe approaches to AD therapy. As we have described above, APP has neuroprotective properties that may be mediated by cGMP/PKG signaling [50].…”
Section: Relevance To the Amyloid Cascadementioning
Nitric oxide is multifunctional messenger molecule in the brain, playing important roles including in learning and memory and in regulating the expression of trophic factors that may be reduced with aging. Small molecules that mimic the biological activity of NO, NO mimetics, will bypass cholinergic receptor activation and are anticipated to provide multiple pathways of treating and circumventing dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase and cGMP formation in the brain represents one element of effective neuroprotective pathways mediated by NO. Substantial evidence suggests that NO mimetics may display cGMP-dependent and cGMP-independent activity and may operate via multiple biochemical signaling pathways, both to ensure the survival of neurons subjected to stress and also to provide cognition-enabling pathways to circumvent dementia. GT 1061 is an NO mimetic compound currently in clinical trials for Alzheimer's. A survey of current research indicates that NO mimetics will provide a combined neuroprotective and cognition-enabling approach to anti-neurodegenerative therapy.
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